.*\aj 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0     Ifi-  IIM 


I.I 


^ ...  1^ 


2.0 


1.8 


nS      1.4      1.6 

■* 6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 

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rvi;rrS'Vyt..-pK^-«,.3-„^.,;f3i«5s;.3,r^;^:55^^ 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  institute  for  Historical  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


■s-i^^xiHMmmm^mm$ii4mm»^^ 


-.if:'Sf;^^mJ^n<sM^-i  •>:'■, 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pelliculde 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6( 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  coulei::^  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6X6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-§tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  danb  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


D 
D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagees 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 

□    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet^es  ou  piqudes 

□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualit^  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materia 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


I      I    Showthrough/ 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6X6  filmdes  6  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

S 

12X 


18X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


itails 
;  du 
odifier 
'  une 
mage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
gAnirositi  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  filmds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  teile 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED ").  or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  i'angle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  da  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


jrrata 
to 


pelure, 
in  d 


n 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

i11i  Mi  ifi  Jiiiil 


/7  Z  7^>  PR'CE  FIFTY  CENTS. 

HiDDEN  Treasures, 


Uli 


Fisheries  Around  the  North-West  Coast. 


"  The  takiii{j  ol'  fish  on  the  banks  is  a  monicntous  concein."- 
FisiiER  Ames." 


<^0F  Co, 


IN  ONE  VOLUME. 


1; 

r.y- COPYRIGHT  v 


J.  3L.-  :m:oido3jta.x.x>, 

OF  WASHINGTON  TERBITORY. 


PROCTER  BROTHERS,  PRINTER8, 
APVEBTISEB    OFFICE,   GLOUCESTER.  MAS^S, 

1871.  . 


f-KJ" 


C^S'^- 


1^ 


\3 


IRiiUi'i'il  »co.orillii(?  to  Act  (if  (•c)n(Jr^;^iS,  with  llio  Mlirarlaii  of  C'oiiKrchs,  Isru.j 


ACQUISITION  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


In  1846  the  Mexican  Province  of  California  was  annexed  to 
the  United  States,  and  many  i)coi)le  emigrated  across  the  plains 
to  that  genial  section  of  our  countrj-.  Shortly  afterward  gold 
was  discovered  in  various  parts  of  that  land  in  considerable 
(luantities,  and  of  such  fineness  as  to  attract  ambitious  men 
from  other  countries  in  search  of  sudden  wealth  ;  in  developing 
the  gold  fields  the  mountains  have  been  washed,  the  hills  dug 
up,  and  ancient  rivers  have  been  diverted  from  their  time-worn 
channels. 

♦•  Gold  — many  hunted,  sweat  and  bled  for  gold, 

And  on  its  altar  sacrificed  ease,  poace, 
Truth,  faith.  Integrity,  good  conscience,  friends. 

Love,  charity,  benevolence,  and  all 
The  sweet  and  tender  sympathies  of  life ; 

Most  for  the  luxuries  it  bought—  the  pomp, 
The  praise,  the  glitter,  fashion  and  renown. 
This  yellow  phantom  followed  and  adored." 

—  Pollock. 
Who  can  paint  the  hardships  and  privations  which  the  miners 
endured?  How  many  bright  visions  came  to  untimely  grief  in 
that  prolific  land  of  the  sham— rock?  How  many  devoted 
mothers  and  neglected  wives  have  offered  up  their  most  earnest 
prayers  to  God  in  behalf  of  their  cherished  ones  struggling  and 
toiling  in  the  sunset  land? 

The  north-west  coast"*  presents  varied  landscapes,  bold,  bleak 
headlands,  broad  tablelands,  green  valleys  and  sandy  beaches, 
with  occasional  rocky  reefs  and  ledges.  The  entire  coast  line 
has  been  explored ;  the  sounds,  bays,  roadsteads  and  harbors 
have  been  minutely  surveyed. 

Islands  of  different  forms  and  elevations  fringe  several  sec- 
tions of  the  coast,  all  of  which  may  be  seen  in  clear  weather  for 


til 


many  milos;  gonorally  thosft  islands  present  abrui.t,  olom- 
shores,  and  nmy  be  approacbclwith  safety.  The  ishinds  in  the 
Santa  Barbara  channel  afford  goo<l  nnehorajre  ;  f.u  1,  water  and 
nrovisions  are  obtainable. 

The  Farralones,  a  group  of  high,  sterile  rocks,  bearing  S.  W. 
nearly  twenty-five  miles  from  tlic  Golden  Gate.  During  the 
spring  months  millions  of  birds  are  seen  hovering  around  these 
islets  ;  many  eggs  arc  annually  gathered  there.  Fierce  conflicts 
and  even  bloodshed  have  been  peri)etrated  for  the  periodical 
o-g  crop  ;  the  strong  arm  of  power  has  finally  quieted  the  san- 
guinary broils,  the  title  to  these  Islands  has  been  udjudicated, 
and  "  peace  reigns  again  in  Warsaw." 

Tatoosh  is  the  most  northerly  island  on  the  "  old  north-west 
coast,"  is  flat-topped,  without  trees  or  shrubbery,  its  sides  are 
nearly  perpendicular,  soaring  100  feet  above  the  sea. 

The  temperature  of  the  North  Pacific  ocean  ranges  from  .)2- 
to  Si',  nmch  colder  than  the  Atlantic  on  corresponding  para- 
lells  A  stream  of  warmer  water  washes  the  shores  of  Santa 
IJaibara ;  the  people  residing  along  these  shores  appreciate  this 
boon,  and  may  be  seen  on  summer  evenings  in  crowds  enjoying 
the  cheap  luxury  of  sea  bathing  -a  hixury  generally  denied  the 
less  favored  people  settled  along  the  more  northern  coast. 

Winds      For  nine  months  in  each  year,  from  March  to  No- 
vember, the  wind  blows  regularly  from  the  north-west  along  the 
coast  with  the  regularity  of  trade  winds.    In  February  this  sea 
breeze  comes  in  during  afternoon  and  continues  till  midnight ; 
during  May,  June  and  July  this  wind  is  strong,  and  declines 
with  the  sun ;  in  August  and  September  it  blows  with  certainty  ; 
in  October  it  fans  weaker,  and  seldom  extends  beyond  the  50   . 
Durincr  the  prevalence  of  these  winds  the  weather  is  temperate 
and  bracing;    heavy  gales    are  not  common   on  our  coast. 
-  From  April  to  October,  inclusive,  the  prevailing  wind  is  from 
the  north-west,  changing  to  west  in  valleys  opening  upon  the 
coast,  but  in  no  case  so  strongly  as  through  the  Golden  Gate. 
During  the  summer  the  wind  sets  in  strong  about  10,  a.  m.. 
increasing  until  nearly  sunset  when  it  begins  to  die  away."- 

From  October  till  January  the  wind  prevails  generally  from 
the  westward;  on  approaching  the  coast  and  striking  against 
the  coast  range  of  mountains  it  deflects  to  the  north-west  and 
),lows  parallel  to  Iho  shore.     This  wind  comes  with  much  force 


alniipt,  olftftr 
lO  isliinds  in  tlu' 
fml,  water  and 

I,  bearing  S.  W. 
c.  During  tlic 
ig  around  these 
Fierce  conflicts 
r  tlic  periodical 
[uietcd  tlie  san- 
een  adjudicated, 

"  old  north-west 
•ry,  its  sides  are 
i  sea. 

ranges  from  52"^ 
•esponding  para- 
shorcs  of  Santa 
9  appreciate  this 
crowds  enjoying 
erally  denied  the 
liern  coast. 
n  March  to  No- 
th-west  ahing  the 
?ebruary  this  sea 
es  till  midnight; 
)ng,  and  declines 
k's  with  certainty ; 
beyond  the  50°. 
thcr  is  temperate 
n  on  our  coast, 
ling  wind  is  from 
)pening  upon  the 
:he  Golden  Gate. 
;  about  10,  a.  m.. 
s  to  die  away." — 

ils  generally  from 
1  striking  against 
;he  north-west  and 
5  with  mnoli  force 


.-specially  in  the  month  of  Decpmber,  nUlictingonr  shii)pini:  with 
morcoricHS  damage.  Hoavy  gales  IVom  the  southward  very 
often  veer  suddenly  to  the  north  and  blow  with  great  violence. 
•'  From  November  to  March  the  wind  is  frequently  from  i\w 
south-east,  blowing  heavily,  working  round  to  the  south-west 
with  a  large  and  broken  swell  from  that  (fuarter,  weather  thick, 
rainy  and  scpially,  the  wind  not  unfrecjuently  ending  at  north- 
west, with  an  ugly  cross  sea." — Davidson, 

Rain-fHll  varies   in   dilferent  localities.    To  the   south   of 
Monterey  droughts  are  prevalent,  causing  in  some  years  the 
death  of  many  cattle ;  to  the  north  of  the  Golden  Gate  rain 
falls  in  sulllc'cnt  (luantities  for  hu?bandry  ;  in  the  region  watered 
by  the  lower  Columbia  river  the  "  Oregon  mist"  falls  thick  and 
fiist,  whilst  along  Puget  Sound  valley  sufHcient  rain  falls  for  the 
general  purposes  of  life.     Rains  along  this  coast  are  greeted 
with  Joy,  as  they  not  only  stimulate  vegetation  but  also  purify 
the  atmosphere  and  impart  health  and  vigor  to  the  sick  and  dis- 
consolate.    Tempests  are  seldom  experienced  ;  during  our  so- 
Jouiii  on  the  coast  for  nearly  twelve  years  we  observed  but  one 
thunder-storm,  and  that  was  a  mild  one  compared  with  those 
witnessed  in  the  north  Atlantic.     Fogs  are  prevalent  especially 
in  the  cilm  regions  around  the  Golden  Gate,  and  are  very 
dense,  retarding  navigation.     "■  During  the  suunner  the  wintl 
sets  in  strong  about  10,  a.  m.,  increasing  until  nearly  sunset 
when  it  begins  to  die  away.    During  its  height  it  almost  regu- 
larly brings  in  a  dense  fog,  which,  working  its  way  over  the 
peninsula,  meets  that  already  advanced  through  the  Golden 
Gate,  and  envelopes  San  Francisco  and  the  bay  by  sunset.     As 
a  rule  the  breeze  does  not  dispel  the  fog.     If  fog  exists  outside, 
the  wind  is  sure  to  bring  it  in." — Davidson. 

As  we  progress  farther  north  the  fog  is  lighter  and  of  short 
duration  ;  oft"  the  bar  of  the  Columbia  it  offers  little  obstruction 
to  shipping.  On  approaching  the  Strait  of  Fuca  the  soundings 
.are  gr,adual  and  the  entrance  wide,  and  little  heed  is  paid  tlierc 
to  fogs,  snowstorms,  or  darkness. 

Fish.  The  coast  extending  from  San  Diego  on  the  south,  to 
Cape  Flattery  on  the  north,  is  very  destitute  of  fish.  The 
Spanish  pioneers  on  the  Pacific  slope  were  early  impressed  with 
this  conviction,  and  obtained  a  special  dispensation  from  Rome, 
whereby  they  were  relieved  from  the  usual  observance  of  slated 
davs  and  seasons,  and  were  at  liberty  to  sn>»sist  on  meats  on  all 


IP' 


I'' 

I- 


A 

oocftHlons,  Its  no  M\  wcro  to  be  had.  The  wftini  strcftin  bathing 
the  shores  of  Suntii  Burbaru,  (ahcmly  notoil),  uiVonU  f^enial 
ri'sort  to  various  spcciea  of  llnh,  which,  like  sill  Hsli  found  in 
warm  water,  arc  lean  and  poor  and  of  little  value  to  the  priie- 
ticul  fishemau. 

Sea  liaaa  of  various  kinds  are  found  around  thcnc  islandn  in 
limited  numbers ;  they  range  from  twelve  to  twenty  inches 
in  length,  speckled  on  the  buck,  plump  and  solid  ;  when  fresh 
they  atford  palatable  food,  when  suited  they  become  dry  and 
tough.  The  Tautog  family  are  found  in  considerable  numbers, 
tlicy  are  coarse-grained  and  tasteless.  Barracontu  are  l)leuty, 
ranging  from  twenty  to  thirty  inches  in  length,  spare,  lean  and 
dry  ;  this  flsh  is  very  savage,  and  annoy  the  fishermen,  often 
carrying  off  their  gear. 

In  the  sunnner  season  mackerel  are  found  in  the  channel ; 
they  congregate  in  considerable  numbers,  and  range  from  ten  to 
twelve  inches  in  length,  lean,  poor  and  slimy  ;  they  bear  some 
resemblance  to  the  "  Dollar  mackerel "  on  the  eastern  coast, 
and  when  salted  are  hard  and  tough.  In  the  season  of  185S.> 
the  writer  caught  246  barrels  of  poor  mackerel  in  Trisoner's 
Cove,  on  the  north-east  side  of  Santa  Cruz  island.  Opposite 
the  old  mission  of  Santa  Barbara  we  encountered  large  bodies 
at  times.  They  appeared  to  gravitate  to  the  westward,  but  we 
have  not  been  able  to  trace  them  to  any  higher  latitudes.  They 
arc  annually  taken  along  the  coast  of  California,  but  not  in 
sufficient  immbers  to  justify  any  great  preparation.  The  scarcity 
of  fat  mackerel  along  the  north-west  coast  is  a  fatal  drawback 
to  our  connnercial  development.  The  lean  clipper  with  sym- 
metrical lines,  the  trim  and  rig  of  the  vessel,  the  cut  and  set  of 
the  sails,  the  emulation  among  the  crew  to  excel  over  each 
other,  the  small  steering,  the  graceful  walk  on  deck,  the  fierce 
determination  to  be  high  line,  the  keen  maneuvering  at  the 
rail,  the  dignified  demeanor  in  tlic  boat,  and  all  the  graces 
clustering  around  that  invigorating  industry,  and  the  lively 
ambition  which  it  kindles  in  the  youthful  breast,  renders  the 
mackerel  fishing  schooner  the  most  inspiring  nursery  for  prac- 
tical seamanship ;  the  want  of  this  animating  school  is  deeply 
deplored,  and  operates  to  retard  the  building  of  fast  vessels  on 
our  coast. 

Sea  Bass   are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Golden  Gate. 
Some  of  them  are  very  large ;  they  are  savage,  and  annoying 


P. 


n  HtrcAin  bathing 
),  iiJIbrdH  f^eiiial 
ill  (isli  ruiiiul  in 
aliic  to  tlio  priio- 

I  tlicHC  islandn  in 

0  twenty  inches 
olid  ;  when  fresh 

become  dry  iiml 
Icralile  numbers. 
;ontu  are  plenty, 
,  Hpare,  lean  and 

fishermen,  often 

in  the  channel ; 
•ange  from  ten  to 
;  they  bear  some 
le  eastern  coast, 
e  season  of  185'J 
!rel  in  I'risoner's 
island.  Opposite 
ired  large  bodies 
westward,  but  we 
■  latitudes.  They 
jrnia,  but  not  in 
on.  The  scarcity 
a  fatal  drawback 
clipper  with  sym- 
he  cut  and  set  of 

1  excel  over  each 
n  deck,  the  fierce 
noeuvering  at  the 
id  all  the  graces 
-,  and  the  lively 
rcast,  renders  the 

nursery  for  prac- 

school  is  deeply 

of  fast  vessels  on 

he  Golden  Gate. 
<ro,  and  annoying 


to  the  Hporling  fnilernily  ;  thrilling  vonlliets  with  tlii;*  monster 
lU'i^  recorded.  The  fisliermen  capture  then>  in  considerable 
numbers  ;  tliey  command  higii  prices  and  are  held  in  iiigli  esteem 
among  the  epicinx's  in  San  Francisco. 

Cod  are  taken  iu  very  limited  numliers  dtl'  llie  Karralones, 
they  are  lean  and  very  iKjor,  and  resemiile  tiie  Jaundieeil  cod  on 
tlie  grand  bank.  (.)n  tiie  Ilcceta  Iniuk,  N.N.W.  from  Cape  Or- 
ford,  Oregon,  coil  are  found.  The  Indians  residing  on  thai 
coast  report  this  fish  as  quite  abundant  in  the  sununer  months, 
and  are  said  to  l)e  large,  solid  and  delicious.  During  the  winter 
season  shoals  of  cod  arc  found  in  Pnget  Sound,  they  are  small. 
resembling  the  Labrador  cod,  solid  and  sweet.  The  Indians 
take  considerable  quantities  in  seines;  when  salted  and  properly 
cured  this  fisJi  commands  a  premium  over  all  other  cod  in  tin; 
market  of  San  Francisco. 

Halibut  are  found  on  Cape  Flattery  iu  certain  seasons,  they 
are  small  and  sweet ;  the  Indians  take  them  in  numbers  for  food. 

Uank  of  Cai'e  Flattkuv.  — "  At  the  entrance  to  the  Strait 
of  Juan  dc  Fuca,  fifteen  miles  by  estimation  W.N.W.  from  Cajx; 
Flattery,  it  is  reported  that  a  bank  exists  having  eigiiteeu 
I'athoms  upon  it.  The  Indians  frequently  go  out  upon  some 
bank  of!"  the  strait  to  fish  for  cod  eadi  season.  In  July,  IHC,",, 
the  schooner  'Brant'  of  Victoria,  discovered  eodfishing  banks 
oir  Cape  Flattery,  and  caught  five  barrels  of  cod  after  two 
hours'  fishing.  The  fish  are  known  as  red  cod,  and  weigh  from 
five  to  fifteen  pounds  each.  The  bank  has  soundings  in  twenty- 
five  fathoms,  and  is  sixteen  miles  nearly  due  west  from  Cape 
Flattery.  .  .  .  This  is  an  Indian  fishing  ground.  Canoes 
go  out  on  the  ebb  current,  catch  an  average  of  fifty  fish  of  forty 
pounds  weight  each,  and  retiun  with  flood  cuiTcnt  and  westerly 
wind."  —  Davidson, 

Dogfish  are  abundant  in  the  waters  of  Puget  Sound.  This 
fish  is  large  and  solid,  and  yield  plump,  healthy  livers,  rich  in 
oil.  The  great  rise  and  fall  of  the  ocean  tide  in  these  regions 
enable  fishermen  to  trap  large  numbers  of  this  fish  in  wiers. 
Dogfish  oil  is  hold  in  high  esteem  by  our  lumbermen,  and  sells 
rapidly  for  sixty  to  seventy  cents,  in  coin,  per  gallon. 

Salmon  are  found  along  the  north-west  coast  in  countless 
numbers.  Fiarly  in  April  they  enter  the  Sacramento  river  and 
are  taken  in  seines ;  they  are  large,  and  are  jKieked  in  ice  and 
sent  to  the  eastern  markets.     This  fish,  though  very  large,  is 


Ill 


^1 


n..|  a  lm.HiKrii.un  uf ■  noitl.nu  .salin..i..  a.  il  \.  ......  .m.U.t. 

Tho  ''(i.i..i«...k   sMl.i.o..,"   ro.....l    in   ti.e   low.-.-  Colu...l..:i,  m.v 

v.TV  I...-.«,  H..lia  iu.a  lut.     Sovnal  0HtabliHl....n.ts  u.c  IccaU- 

Ml,;,,.'   tl.r   Imi.kH  or  ti.-.H   rivt-r  .lovcUxl   t<.  U.c  caUl.h.K   .«...! 
..kkrinn;  <,(■  this  ll„e  llsh.     W.<  .u.ticiHl  two  or  ll.ico.  UHlnn^  sta- 
tio„s  o.,  tl,..  ^Vasl:il,^'to.,  si.U-  of  the  .iv.r  i..  whirl.  «al..,.m  wm" 
,,„,,,,,   „,„i   put  ..p   i..  li"  <■">'«.  l.i-r...i'f.nilly  houUhI      11..- 
H,.I,..on  llshnv  ....  tho  Cc.l..i..l.ia  in  prolit.il.ly  .leveloi.e.  l.     Ni'vo.nl 

vmii'tioH  .,r  sal„,(.i.  a.(.  t«l;c,.  a,(......l  tl..  sl.c.rs  of  ^^  .isl..,.fi;to,. 

t,..rito.-v.  a.al  .i  .......Ik'.'  of  rives  cnptyi.,}?  into  the  IMctlc  otra,. 

ttr...  with  this  lish.     I)...i..f,'  ttMi  .vcur«  voyagii.n  o„  W^i  Suui.tl 
we   observe.!   the   a..,.i.ul   a.lve..t  of  silver  Halino.i  into  those 
witers     This  speeles  rans^s  f.o.n  elj^htcen  to  tweuty-foi.v  inches 
i„  k.„.4l.,  a..<l  p.-ese..t  u  white,  sl.i..i..K  appearance,  8ol,.l  a...l 
very  IM,  a...l  whe,.  p.operly  .Ircssed  and  pickled,  command  re- 
„,„„e,ative  i.rices.    They  take  the  hook,  and  arc  thus  taken  ... 
.r,,M.t  .......hers  l,y  the  I.ulians,  with  whom  it  forms  the  pr..ie.pal 

Hl„)f  of  life.  Several  white  people  have  engaged  in  d(!Velop...g 
this  br..neh  of  industry.  We  have  good  faith  in  the  enteri>nze 
.,,,,1  earnestly  recommend  it  to  the  most  favorable  attention  ol 

i',ieruelie  llshern.cn.  .      ^  i     • 

Kritlsh  Columbia,  its  romantic  coast  and  hicrative  hsheries, 
des(.rve"  notice.    The   nshiug  resources  of  this  colony  being 
„,K.,.ed  to  Americans  by  the  "Treaty  of  Washington,"  we  cheer- 
l\,llv  i.iesent  the  visible  treasures  Uitent  in  those  waters,  in  the 
Ibi.d  1...1.*'  that  that  domain  will  ere  many  years  shall  roll  around, 
beco.ne  a  part  of  our  own  great  Republic.    This  append.ige  of  the 
n,itisl.  Empire  is  already  "  sandwiched  in  between  the  territories 
„f  Washington  and  Alaska."    Its  coast  presents  varied  land- 
sc.pe,  craggy  mountains,  bleak  headlands,  green  valleys  a.id 
dear  pebbly  beaches  ;  in  romantic  scenery  and  beautiful  views 
this  colony"  may  safely  challenge  any  other  portion  of  God's 
crroen  earth.     In  June,  1862,  we  sailed  along  this  coast  in  a 
small  sloop  for  hundreds  of  miles  through  the  interior  chain  ol 
islands  extending  from  Olympia,  at  the  head  of  Puget  Sound, 
to  the  Stickine  river -the  south  boundary  of  Alaska.    We 
traverse  the  very  region  of  romance,  high  cliffs  overhanging 
deep  sheen  waters,  frequent  bays,  meandering  shores  fringed 
^vith  dense  forests  -  every  tree  more  stately  than  the  "  Cedars 
of  Lebanon."    Of  this  labyrinth  of  waters  Prof.  Davidson  re- 
marks :  "  Fwm  the  head  of  Tuget  Sound,  in  lat.  47»  Oo,  to  the 


I   il   is   llliull   Milt*'!. 

cr  Coluiulii:i,  iir«' 
lU'iits  mo  hunti'il 
Uic  ciiUliiiiji   anil 
llirco.  Ilshiiij;  wtsi- 
vhiili  Miilii»)i»  win- 
■iilly  houUkI.    Tlu' 
jvelopetl.     Si'vonil 
t's  of  Wasliiufilon 
Lo  the  I'luitU-  oci'uii 
iijj;  oil  rugflSoiiiitl 
Hiilinon  into  Uiohi! 
twcuty-lbur  inclins 
piiraucc,  solid  and 
iiU'd .  conunand  lo- 
aro  tluis  taken  in 
forma  tlic  princiipal 
vgcd  in  ddvi'lopinj:; 
til  in  the  cnterpiize 
•orable  attention  of 

I  lucrative  fisheries, 
this  colony  beinf^ 
ihington,"  wc  ehcer- 
hoHC  waters,  in  the 
,r8  shall  roll  around, 
lis  appendage  of  the 
twccn  the  territories 
28ent8  varied  land- 
green  valleys  and 
and  beautiful  views 
r  portion  of  God's 
)ng  this  coast  in  a 
he  interior  chain  of 
lad  of  Puget  Sound, 
ly  of  Alaska.    We 
1  cliffs  overhanging 
ring  shores  fringed 
ly  than  the  "  Cedars 
s  Prof.  Davidson  re- 
in lat.  47°  05,  to  the 


1» 

mouth  of  the  C'liilkftlit,  in  .V.)'  I."',  tlnough  seven  hundred  and 
tiiirty-two  miles,  lies  the  vast  iiiteiior  line  of  navigation,  un. 
(■(lUiillfd  ill  tiic  wuiid  for  liold  sliores,  deep  waters,  mmieroiis 
buys  and  liiirliors,  bindcred  every  mili^  witli  timber  of  great  si/e 
mid  liciglit.  Tiie  smallest  erall  can  make  their  tniding  trips 
through  tliese  waters  williout  tlie  risk  of  a  sea  voyage  ;  small 
steamboats  can  traverse  them  and  find  fuel  at  every  point  of 
tiie  twenty  thousand  miles  of  siioie  line.  Tiie  freciueiiey  of 
passages  euiineetiiig  these  great  straits  aud  sounds  with  the 
ocean  render  tlu'Ui  of  inestimable  value  as  a  means  of  refuge  to 
vessels  fearing  or  sutleriiig  from  heavy  weather  at  sea.  .  .  . 
'I'hese  waters  weic!  discovereil  by  tiie  American  vessi'i  >  Wasii- 
iiigton,'  wliieh  entered  by  tiie  Strait  of  Fiica  in  48'  -'1,  and  letl 
tliem  by  Dixon  Sound  in  51'  10." 

Several  islands  margin  this  coast,  prominent  among  which 
Vancouver  looms  7000  feet  above  tlic  sea.  This  important  island 
luiis  parallel  with  the  main  land  for  nearly  200  miles,  anil  pre- 
sents bold,  abrupt  outlines  and  acceptable  anchorage.  Farther 
north  Queen  Charlotte  islands  run  parallel  with  the  coast  for 
lOO  miles  ;  this  group  soars  high  and  presents  wild,  craggy  out- 
lines, deep  ravines,  dense  witli  timber  ;  the  shores  are  bold  and 
clean,  airording  secure  shelter,  where  fuel,  water  and  game  may 
l)c  obtained.  Numerous  tribes  of  Indians  inhabit  this  coast. 
Some  of  them  have  acquired  the  rudiments  of  education,  and 
display  considerable  mechanical  ingenuity,  tho  graceful  models 
and  lines  of  their  canoes  indicating  artistic  taste.  They  are 
expert  watermen  and  skilful  fishermen,  navigating  these  waters 
in  all  seasons  with  safety,  and  capturing  many  whales ;  they  arc 
treacherous  and  cruel  to  the  white  traders,  and  have  plundered 
several  vessels  and  murdered  their  crews.  The  gunboats  of  the 
royal  navy  exert  a  wholesome  terror  over  the  Indians  in  these 
regions. 

Fish,  All  the  varieties  of  fish  found  in  Puget  Sound  are 
also  taken  in  the  waters  bathing  British  Columbia ;  sardines, 
smelts  and  herring  are  abundant,  dogfish  are  plenty  and  solid, 
yielding  clear,  rich  oil,  the  Indians  take  millions  of  them  annu- 
ally. Cod  of  various  species  are  found  close  to  the  shore  and 
nuvy  be  taken  in  quantities.  Halibut  are  found  around  the 
Queen  Charlotte  isles  like  those  taken  off  Capo  Flatteiy,  they 
arc  too  small  for  the  general  purposes  of  commerce.  Salmon 
revel  around  this  coast ;  those  found  around  the  islands  are  ol' 


r; 


i: 


i5' 


r 


^  I 


10 

moderate  size,  resembling  the  silver  salmon  in  Pugct  Soinirl. 
In  the  Frazor,  Stickninc  ami  other  rivers  on  the  main-laml,  very 
lar<!;c  salmon  are  found  in  shoals.  "Fish  and  other  game, 
salmon  and  other  good  fish  abound  at  the  mouth  of  the  Siickine. 
When  the  salmon  ascend  the  river  in  Jujie  and  July,  the  Indians 
follow  and  catch  them  in  great  numbers.  They  split  them  along 
the  back  removing  the  back-bone,  cut  them  in  long  strips,  and 
dry  and  smoke  them ;  when  well  cured  they  are  very  fine  and 
convenient  in  camp."  —  Davidson. 

Acquisition  of  Alaska.  From  ^\hat  has  been  demonstrated 
in  the  foregoing  pages  touching  the  supply  of  cod  and  mackerel 
along  the  north-west  coast,  the  impoverished  fishing  grounds 
and  the  sterility  of  our  commercial  nursery  appeared  rather 
dreary.  The  author  having  devoted  several  years  to  the  fishing 
industry  in  B-; iti^li  America  and  New  England,  and  appreciating 
♦ue  lively  in- pulse  that  ihat  industrial  school  imparted  to  the 
colonial  commerce,  directed  our  earnest  attention  to  this  prolific 
business  on  the  north-west  coast.  In  the  season  of  1859,  (as 
before  stated),  we  made  a  voyage  to  the  southern  coast  in  search 
of  mackerel  which  we  found  in  shoals  in  the  warm  waters  of 
Santa  Barbara  channel,  but  of  such  poor  quality  as  not  to  justify 
any  extensive  preparation  or  profit. 

In  the  winter  of  1859-CO,  the  governor  of  Russian  America 
visited  San  Francisco  and  tarried  there  for  weeks.    The  writer 
obtained  an  audienc6  with  him  through  the  friendship  of  the 
Russian  Consul,  and  earnestly  solicited  of  him  the  privilege  of 
prosecuting  the  salt  fisheries  for  a  term  of  years  on  the  peninsula 
of  Alaska.    The  consul  was  a  partner  in  our  entcrprize,  and  he 
urged  our  claims  most  earnestly ;  for  days  and  weeks  we  lavished 
every  conceivable  blandishment  on  the  imperial  nabob  to  secure 
the  desired  franchise.    He  very  cooly  refused  to  comply  with 
our  requests,  and  with  an  emphatic  "No!"  politely  withdrew 
his  august  presence,  and  thus  our  first  attempt  on  Alaska  "  died 
of  a  rose  in  aromatic  pain,"  and  the  enterprize  was  abandoned 
with  sore  regrets.    In  our  perplexity  we  addressed  Secretary 
Cass  at  Washington,  imploring  governmental  assistance  to  the 
end  that  we  migh^  obtain  a  foothold  near  the  fishing  gi-ounds 
mar^^ining  Russian  America.    The  venerable  secretary  replied 
that^the  troubles  then  in  prospect  in  the  South  precluded  any 
effort  on  the  part  of  the  Federal  government  in  our  behalf,  and 
that  our  ft-anchiso  in  those  regions  must  "  wait  for  a  more 


non  in  Pugot  Soinicl. 
311  the  niain-laml,  very 
''ish  juid  other  game, 
mouth  of  the  Siickine. 
!  and  Jul}',  the  Indians 
They  split  them  along 
lem  in  long  strips,  and 
;hey  are  very  fine  and 

has  been  demonstrated 
,y  of  cod  and  mackerel 
wished  fishing  grounds 
irscry  appeared  rather 
ral  years  to  the  fishing 
^land,  and  appreciating 
ichool  imparted  to  the 
ittention  to  this  prolific 
he  season  of  1859,  (as 
outhern  coast  in  search 
in  the  warm  waters  of 
quality  as  not  to  justify 

)r  of  Russian  America 
for  weeks.    The  writer 
I  the  friendship  of  the 
of  him  the  privilege  of 
if  years  on  the  peninsula 
1  our  cntcrprizc,  and  ho 
3  and  v,eeks  we  lavished 
inperial  nabob  to  secure 
refused  to  comply  with 
No ! "  politely  withdrew 
ttempt  on  Alaska  "  died 
iterprize  was  abandoned 
we  addressed  Secretary 
mental  assistance  to  the 
near  the  fishing  gi'ounds 
lerable  secretary  replied 
the  South  precluded  any 
ment  in  our  behalf,  and 
nust  "wait  for  a  more 


II 

couvenieut  season."  Senator  Gwinn  from  California  was  also 
strongly  appealed  to  to  advocate  this  measure  conjointly  wilh 
Secretary  Cass  ;  to  his  credit  be  it  written  that  then  and  there  he 
oficred  the  government  of  Russia  the  sum  of  $G,000,000  for  the 
territory  of  Alaska.  [See  Hon,  Charles  Sumner's  speech  on  the 
cession  of  Alaska.] 

The  great  rebellion  in  the  Southern  States  paralyzed  our 
national  industry,  on  the  Pacific  slope  we  felt  its  baneful  influence 
in  obstructing  many  enterprizes.  At  the  restoration  of  peace 
our  people  branched  out  into  new  channels  of  industry  and 
general  prosperity  prevailed.  Whaling  vessels  visiting  Behring 
Sea  and  the  Arctic  Ocean  took  cod  in  more  or  less  quantities, 
and  the  abundance  of  those  and  other  desirable  fish  in  the 
waters  bathing  the  Russian  possessions  became  known  to  our 
people,  and  some  of  our  adventurous  fishermen  made  occasional 
raids  on  those  fishing  grounds  and  in  a  few  weeks  returned 
laden  with  the  products  of  those  waters. 

In  the  spring  of  186G  Captain  Turner  sailed  from  San  Fran- 
cisco in  the  schr.  "  Porpoise ;"  he  pursued  a  noilherly  course, 
calling  at  Queen  Charlotte's,  Unga,  and  Shumagin  islands; 
around  the  latter  named  group  he  foimd  safe  harbors,  fuel, 
water  and  other  facilities  for  prosecuting  his  business,  while  on 
the  grounds  fringing  those  isles  he  found  large,  plump,  healthy 
codfish  in  such  numbers  as  to  enable  him  to  fill  his  vessel  in  a 
few  weeks.  After  an  absence  of  three  months  this  "hardy 
toiler  on  the  sea  "  returned  to  the  "  Bay  City,"  having  performed 
a  successful  porpoise  voyage,  the  honored  pioneer  of  the  north- 
western salt  fisheries. 

In  January,  1866,  the  author,  while  attending  the  session  of 
the  legislature  at  Olympia,  the  capital  of  Washington  Territory, 
determined  to  make  another  bold  push  for  Alaska,  by  soliciting 
the  good  oflSces  of  our  government  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
a  permanent  foothold,  and  to  open  the  prolific  fishing  grounds  in 
those  regions  to  our  ambitious  fishermen.  To  this  end  we 
penned  the  following : 

"  Memorial.  To  His  Excellency  Andi-ew  Johnson,  Pi-esidcnt 
of  the  United  States.  Your  memorialists  —  the  Legislative 
Assembly  of  Washington  Territory,  beg  leave  to  show  that  vast 
quantities  of  cod,  halibut  and  salmon  of  excellent  quality,  are 
found  along  the  shores  of  Russian  America.  Your  memorialists 
respectfully  request  your  Excellency  to  obtain  such  rights  and 


w^ 


if    ' 


mi  I 


1/ ' 


privileges  of  the  government  of  Russin,  a«  will  enable  our  lish- 
incr  vessels  to  visit  the  harbors  of  its  possessions,  to  the  end 
that  fuel,  water  and  provisions  may  be  obtained  ;  that  our  sick 
•ind  disabled  fishermen  may  obtain  sanitary  assistanee  ;  trp;ethor 
with  the  privilege  of  taking  and  curing  fish  and  repairing  vessels 
in  need  of  repairs.     Your  memorialists  further  request  that  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  bo  instructed  to  forward  to  the  Col- 
lector of  Customs  of  this,  Puget  Sound  district,  such  fishing 
license,  abstract  journals  and  log-books,  as  will  enable  our  hardy 
lishermen  to  obtain  the  bounties  now  paid  to  the  fishermen  in 
the  Atlantic  States.     Your  memorialists  llnally  pray  your  Ex- 
cellency to  employ  such  ships  as  may  be  spared  from  the  Tacihc 
naval  fleet  in  surveying  the  lishing  banks  known  to  navigators 
to  exist  from  the  Cortez  Bank  to  Behring  Strait." 

This  memorial,  written  by  a  lisherman  in  behalf  of  the  fishing 
industry  on  the  north-east  coast,  passed  both  branches  of  our 
territorial  legislature  with  commendable  unanimity  and  dispatch, 
lu  forwarding  a  copy  of  the  above  named  memorial  to  the  Sec- 
retary of  State,  we  imparted  such  information  touching  the 
fisheries  around  the  Russian  possessions,  and  the  impulse  which 
the  opening  of  those  resources  to  our  fishermen  would  impart  to 
the  commercial  development  on  the  north-west  coast.  In  ac- 
knowledging our  humble  services  the  illustrious  secretaiy  assured 
us  that '''  in  cosummating  the  recent  purchase,  I  was  strongly 
fortified  by  the  letters  which  you  wrote  to  me  touching  the  valu- 
able fiBherics  in  those  waters."  The  New  York  Times  of  April 
1st,  18G7,  (the  acknowledged  organ  of  Secrctaiy  Seward,)  said, 
"  that  a  memorial  from  the  Territorial  Legislature  of  Washington 
Territory,  dated  January,  ISC.O.  asking  the  President  to  obtain 
certain   rights   for  the   fishermen,  was   the   foundation  of  the 

present  treaty." 

On  the  eighteenth  of  October.  1807,  the  transfer  of  this  vast 
teirit<n-y  from  Russia  to  the  I'nited  States  was  oflicially  con- 
summated by  the  respective  commissioners  of  the  two  govern- 
ments, at  Sitka,  in  the  presence  of  the  Russian  population,  who 
cheerfully  welcomed  the  few  Americans  there  also  present.  The 
union  has  been  very  cheerfully  accepted  by  the  people  of  the 
territory.  Our  government,  on  assuming  possession,  found 
mimerous  adventurers  fnmi  the  Pacific,  States  doinicileu  in 
various  parts  of  the  territory  engaged  in  trade  and  in  developing 
the  resources  in  those  regions  ;  vessels  laden  with  ware  entered 


i 


,11  enable  our  llsh- 
?ssions,  to  the  end 
led  ;  that  our  siek 
sistance ;  tcp;cthor 
id  repairing  vessels 
!r  request  that  the 
orward  to  the  Col- 
strict,  such  fishino- 
11  enable  our  hardy 
to  the  fishenncn  in 
dly  pray  your  Ex- 
•ed  from  the  Pacific 
nown  to  navigators 
•ait." 

jchalf  of  the  fiishing 
th  branches  of  our 
limity  and  dispatch, 
jmorial  to  the  Sec- 
ation  touching  the 
1  the  impulse  which 
len  would  impart  to 
west  coast.  In  ac- 
us  secretaiy  assured 
lase,  I  was  strongly 
3  touching  the  vaui- 
'ork  Times  of  April 
jtaiy  Seward,)  said, 
nturc  of  Washington 
President  to  obtain 
foundation  of  the 

transfer  of  this  vast 
i  was  oflicially  con- 
of  the  two  goveni- 
dan  population,  who 
e  also  present.  Tiie 
\-  the  people  of  the 
f  possession,  found 
States  domicile.!  in 
ide  and  in  develoi)ing 
;n  with  ware  entered 


13 

every  harl)or,  stores  were  opened  as  by  magic  in  every  acceiitalile 
roadstead  along  the  southern  and  western  coasts,  an  active 
comiietition  for  furs,  oil,  ivory,  old  cojtper,  iron  and  junk,  was 
earnestly  inaugurated,  commerce  revived,  tiie  sails  of  our  vessels 
wiiitened  every  creek,  bay  and  sound,  and  the  staid  Russians 
very  soon  obtained  an  insight  into  Yankee  progress  on  the  go- 
ahead  principle. 

Topography.  The  topography  of  this  coast  presents  vaiicd 
scenery ;  rugged  mountains,  craggy  promontories,  bleak  head- 
lands and  broad  valleys.  The  shores  are  generally  bold  and 
clean,  offering  little  obstruction  to  careful  navigation.  Mount 
St.  Elcas,  in  the  south-eastern  angle  of  the  tenitory,  soars  higii 
in  the  region  of  clouds ;  the  highest  elevation  in  our  country 
may  be  seen  on  a  clear  day  130  miles  at  sea.  Cape  Douglas, 
the  south-west  angle  of  Cook's  Inlet,  forms  a  lofty  cupola  whicii 
gradually  slopes  with  gentle  declivity  along  the  peninsula  of 
Alaska,  and  terminates  in  a  low  plateau.  Several  raoimtaiiis 
run  parallel  with  the  coast  and  rear  their  lofty  crests  heaxen- 
ward.  On  a  clear  day  these  mountain  domes,  basking  in  eternal 
sleet,  glittering  in  the  sun's  rays  and  cutting  sharp  against  the 
azure  sky,  present  the  grandest  scenery  the  human  cje  can  wit- 
ness ;  we  have  observed  these  sparkling  monuments  from  the 
vessel,  many  leagues  off  shore,  —  the  landscape  was  romantic 
and  wild. 

Behiing  Sea  is  margined  with  lower  table  lands,  tlie  shore 
meanders  into  bays  and  coves ;  the  Yukon  river  empties  into 
this  sea  through  various  channels,  depositing  vast  quantities  of 
sediment  which  form  broad  marshes  along  the  coast  for  leagues, 
and  extend  for  miles  into  the  sea.  "  The  whole  country,  from 
Norton's  Soimd  to  Point  Barrow,  is  a  vast  moorland, 
The  aspect  of  some  spots  is  very  gay ;  May-flowers  are  large, 
with  bright  colors,  though  white  predominates,  and  plants  dis- 
playing other  tints  are  not  uncommon.  Cape  Lisburn,  in  lat. 
08°  52,  one  of  the  most  productive  localities,  looks  like  a  gar- 
den. To  prevent  the  ravages  of  the  scurvy,  the  Esquimaux 
collect  for  their  stock,  raspberries,  whortleben'ies  and  cranberries. 
.  .  .  In  the  Arctic  sub-regions  there  are  plants  which  the  e3e 
is  accustomed  to  meet  in  the  plains  of  more  temperate  climates, 
l)esides  annuals  and  bi-annuals,  shrubs  and  trees.  A  peculiar 
feature  of  the  vegetation  is  its  harmless  character,  the  poisonous 
plants  being  few  in  number  and  their  quality  by  no  means  vir- 
ulent." —  Davidson. 


r 


til 


1 1 
1 1 


11 

Islands  of  vmious  lorms  aud  elevation  border  the  coast ;  the 
Ka.lik  group  present  liigli,  craggy  cliirs  and  verdant  gulches, 
with  broad,  green  valleys  ;  the  Shuniagins  are  lower,  more  level, 
iind  bask  in  nutritious  grass.  The  small  islands  margining  the 
peninsula  arc  numerous  and  barren,  presenting  clean,  pcbldy 
beaches.  The  Aleutian  Islands;  extending  from  ihc  south- 
western angle  of  the  territory  in  the  direction  of  the  Asiatic 
coast,  arc  bold,  rugged  aud  mountainous.  Several  volcanic 
peaks  arc  visible  among  these  islands,  they  are  separated  by 
deep,  boiling  channels,  through  which  the  ocean  currents  rush 
with  fierce  violence,  creating  fearful  tide-rips,  which,  in  heavy 
gales,  mariners  in  those  waters  are  most  careful  to  avoid. 

Climate.     Along  the  southern  and  western  shores  of  Alaska 
the  climate'is  humid  and  milder  than  could  be  looked  for  in  such 
high  latitudes,  tempered  by  the  volume  of  warm  water  constantly 
bathing  those  shores.    This  thermal  stream  from  "  India's  coral 
strand/'  coming  through  the  sea  of  Japan,  along  the  Asiatic 
coast,  and  dividing  into  several  branches,  the  greatest  of  which 
passes  through  Belu-ing  Strait  into  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  carry- 
ing the  ice  formed  in  those  waters  away  from  our  shores ;  a  con- 
siderable stream  shoots  to  the  north-east,  striking  with  some 
force  against  the  island  of  St.  Lawrence,  again  deflects  to  the 
castwanl  and  finally  to  the  southward  and  westward,  laving  the 
northern  shores  of  the  peninsula  of  Alaska  and  the  Aleutian 
islands.     A  considerable  volume  of  this  current  crosses  on  an 
easterly  course,  washing  the  south-eastern  base  of  Alaska, 
strikes  the  shores  of  British  Columbia,  and  deflects  to  the  north- 
north-west  and  westward,  creating  a  strong  counter-current  along 
the  Gulf  of  Alaska  and  imparting  a  double  dose  of  heat  to  the 
shores  fringing  those  waters.    The  westerly  winds  blowing  over 
this  thermal  plateau  tempers  the  coast  climate,  and  in  passing 
thi-ough  the  Cascade  Mountains  are  known  as  "  Chinook  winds  " 
in  the"  broad  basin  of  the  Columbia  river.    These  winds  thus 
tempered  exert  vital  influence  along  the  coast,  stimulating  vege- 
tation and  dense  underbnish.    The  condensation  of  this  warm 
wind  by  the  colder  air  on  the  mainland  produces  moisture  and 
heavy  rains,  hence  the  rank  growth  of  trees,  grasses,  plants  and 
moss.    Larger  trees  are  found  here  than  on  the  Atlantic  slope 
on  the  same  parallels,  while  gay  plants  and  beautiful  flowers 
flourish  and  give  to  thoao  regions  the  appearance  of  budding 
fields. 


lei'  the  coast ;  the 

verdant  gulches, 
lower,  more  level, 
lIs  margiuing  the 
ing  clean,  pebhly 

from  the  south- 
)n  of  the  Asiatic 

Several  volcanic 
are  Bcparatcd  by 
;an  currents  rush 
,  which,  in  heavy 
111  to  avoid. 

shores  of  Alaska 

looked  for  in  such 
m  water  constantly 
om  "  India's  coral 
along  the  Asiatic 

greatest  of  which 
Ocean,  and  cany- 
onr  shores ;  a  con- 
itriking  with  some 
lin  deflects  to  the 
stward,  laving  the 

and  the  Aleutian 
ent  crosses  on  an 

base  of  Alaska, 
jflects  to  the  north- 
iinter-current  along 
dose  of  heat  to  the 
vinds  blowing  over 
te,  and  in  passing 

"  Chinook  winds  " 

These  winds  thus 
i,  stimulating  vege- 
ation  of  this  warm 
duces  moisture  and 
grasses,  plants  and 

the  Atlantic  slope 
d  beautiful  flowers 
^arancc  of  budding 


15 

"  The  North  Pacific  presents  a  peculiar  striking  analogy  to 
the  North  Atlantic,  in  the  existence  of  a  great  warm  current 
which  sweeps  along  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia  to  the  north-east- 
ward across  the  Pacific,  washes  the  north-west  coast  of  America, 
affects  the  climate  of  the  whole  coast,  and  gives  a  much  higher 
temperature  along  the  sea-board  than  would  exist  under  normal 
circumstances.     The  Japanese  have  long  been  well  aware  of  this 
irreat  current  which  washes  the  south-eastern  shores  of  their 
empire,  and  have  given  to  it  the  name  of  '  Kiiro  Siwo,  or  Black 
Stream,'  from  its  deep  blue  color  when  compared  with  the 
neighboring  waters  of  the  Pacific.     It  has  been  noticed  by 
nearly  all  the  old  navigators  and  explorers,  and  a  systematic 
series  of  observations  was  undr;taken  by  the  United   States 
expeditions  to  Japan  under  Commodore  Perry.     This  singular 
current,  with  the  water  at  an  average  maximum  temperature  of 
80*,  being  that  of  the  equatorial  waters,  affords  a  solution  of 
the  fact  of  the  Bonin  islands,  in  the  lat.  of  27J°,  having  an  ex- 
clusively tropical  vegetation,  the  cause  of  which  was  long  a 
mystery  to  naturalists.     It  also  accounts  for  the  productiveness 
of  the  southern  islands  of  the  Japan  group,  in  sugar  and  other 
products  usually  confined  to  inter-tropical  regions,  and  to  the 
successful  development  of  the  silk  worm  as  high  as  lat.  45°. 

The  results  of  observations,  corroborated  by  the  facts  of  the 
high  temperature  above  stated,  shows  very  satisfactorily  that 
the  Japan  stream  has  its  origin  in  the  great  northern  equatorial 
current.    This  great  cun-ent,  leaving  the  coast  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia and  the  Gulf  of  California,  between  the  latitudes  of  15° 
and  25°,  sweeps  across  the  whole  Pacific,  with  its  axis  two  or 
three  degrees  south  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  and  thence  on  the 
parallel  of  15°,  and  coming  gradually  northward  until  it  passes 
the  position  of  the  Ladrone  islands  in  lat.  17°,  long.  2U°  west, 
is  gradually  deflected  north-east  along  the  Asiatic  coast,  but 
apparently  with  decreased  velocity.     .    .    .    At  120  leagues 
eastward  of   Formosa  the  monsoon  current  of  the  Caroline 
islands  runs  northward,  and  thence  north-east,  adding  its  waters 
to  those  of  the  great  Japan  current.     The  combined  waters  of 
the  Caroline  and  equatorial  streams  are  thrown  against  the 
island  of  Fomiosa  in  lat.  22°,  long.  239°  west,  thence  deflected 
to  the  northward  and  north-eastward,  and  on  the  parallel  of  31° 
strikes  the  southern  extremity  of  Japan  and  pass  close  along 
the  north-eastern   coast  of  Niphon.     Of  the   south  and  cast 


I 


16 

point  of  Nii.hot.,  in  lat.  35«,  long.  220'  west,  the  stream  ngnhi 
iKxrins  to  spread,  and  by  the  time  it  reiidies  hit.  38«,long.  210   , 
it  lias  been  divicU'd  or  split  in  two  by  tlie  intrusion  of  the  cold 
polar  current.     The  contact  of  the  cold  an.l  warm  waters  tiive 
riso  to  tlic  constant  fogs  that  exist  in  this  region.     One  branch 
of  the  stream,  called  the  Kamschatlia  current,  moves  to  the 
north-east,  nearly  parallel  with  the  coast  of  Japan,  the  Kunlc 
islands  and  the  coast  of  Kamschatka,  its  axis  passing  just  east 
(,f  Copper  island,  in  hit.  50Mong.  191,  and  running  directly  lor 
Heln-in.-  Strait.     The  other  and  greater  branch  follows  the  par- 
■dlel  of  35'  eastward,  being  dellected  a  degree  or  two  toward 
the  south,  in  long.  1H0  =  ,  by  the  inu.inging  of  the  cold  Ilehruig 
sea  current  running  southward  througli  the  Fox  islands,  but  ni 
lon<r   170»  it  regains  its  laiitude,  and  fuially  reaches  the  h.t. 
4.^=\o  r,0=,  in  about  long.  14H°,  when  it  appears  to  agani  di- 
vide     The  main  body  of  the  stream  stretches  directly  toward 
the  coast  of  America,  is  dellected  to  the  southward  and  east- 
^v.u•d  runs  down  the  coast  of  Oregon  and  California,  and  linally 
sweeps  back  into  the  great  northern  equatorial  current.    '1  he 
existence  of  this  current  is  well  demonstrated  by  the  wrecks  ol 
Jaiianese  junks  on  the  coasts  of  Washington  Territory  and 
Orecron.    Many  years  ago,  upon  the  beach  south  of  Point 
Adams,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Columbia  river,  there  was  cast 
away  a  Chinese  junk  with  many  hands  and  a  cargo  of  beeswax. 
The  ship  was  totally  lost  but  the  crew  were  saved.    In  support 
of  this  Imlian  tradition  pieces  of  this  wax,  coated  with  sand  and 
bleached  nearly  white,  are  occasionally  thrown  upon  the  beach 
after  great  storms.    Formerly  a  great  deal  was  found,  but  now 
it  is  rarely  met  with.    In  1851  we  saw  many  pieces  of  it.»    In 
1833  a  Japanese  junk  was  An-ecked  near  Cape  Flattery,  of  which 
account  can  be  found  in  Belcher's  narrative  and  m  Lnited  States 

exploring  expedition Among  the  tangibe  proofs 

of  the  ori-in  and  existence  of  the  Kamschatka  cuiTcnt  are  the 
following  r  In  September,  18G2,  a  Japanese  vessel  was  wrecked 
on  the  island  of  Attou,  she  had  been  driven  off  the  coast  of 
Japan  two  or  three  months  before  with  a  crew  of  twelve  men  of 
whom  she  lost  nine  before  going  ashore,  and  had  thus  dritted 
1800  miles  in  this  current,  at  an  average  velocity  of  over  twenty 
miles  per  day.  Among  the  floating  bodies  which  the  sea  drives 
upon  the  shores  of  Copper  island,  the  true  right  camphor-wood, 
«Tl.c  writer  8«w  Bcvcral  o«ko«  of  this  wax  at  Nchalem  bead,,  in  April.  1«». 


:hc  strcnm  n<?ain 
D8«,  long. 210', 
iwion  of  llio  cold 
anil  wiitors  gho 
>ii.  One  bviuuh 
t,  movi's  to  the 
upan,  the  Kurilc 
)UHsing  just  ciisL 
iniug  diiec'tly  for 

follows  the  pur- 
'0  or  two  toward 
,hc  cold  r>ehriiig 
c  islands,  but  in 
reaches  the  h.t. 
cars  to  again  di- 
9  directly  toward 
thward  and  east- 
ibniia,  and  linally 
ial  current.  The 
by  the  Avrccks  of 
on  Territory  and 

south  of  Point 
ir,  there  was  cast 
irgo  of  beeswax, 
ved.  In  support 
,ted  with  sand  and 

I  upon  the  beach 
s  found,  but  now 
pieces  of  it.*  In 
Flattery,  of  which 
il  in  United  States 
le  tangible  proofs 
a  cuiTcnt  are  the 
essel  Avas  wrecked 
d  off  the  coast  of 

of  twelve  men,  of 

II  had  thus  drifted 
;ity  of  over  twenty 
licli  the  sea  drives 
;lit  camphor-wood, 

rncli,  in  April.  1«». 


and  anolhci-  sort  of  wood,  v»ry  wiiile,  sull  and  swcct->iCi'ntcd, 
arc  occasionally  fuiind.  Kolzchuc  Ibund  Asiatic  wood  among 
tlic  Aleuts  of  Uiialaska."  —  AavUson. 

lion.  C'liarlcs  Sumner,  in  his  speech  on  the  cession  of  Alaska, 
in  di-monstrating  tin  tlicrmul  current,  in  those  regions,  as>erted  : 
•■All  tins  is  now  explained  Ity  certain  known  forces  in  iiatiuv  : 
of  these  the  most  important  is  a  thermal  current  in  tiie  raeilie 
I'orrespouding  to  tiie  gulf  stream  in  the  Atlantic  ;  the  latter, 
ii:iviug  its  origin  in  tlie  iiealed  waters  in  tlic  (iulf  of  IVIexico, 
Hows  as  a  river  tlimugh  tiie  ocean  northward,  encircling  England, 
liathing,  Norway  and  warming  all  within  its  influence.  A  simi- 
lar slieam  in  the  I'acilie,  sometimes  called  the  Japanese  current, 
liaviiig  its  origin  under  the  ecinalor  near  the  Phillipines  and  the 
Malaccas,  amid  no  common  heat,  after  washing  the  ancient  em- 
jiiie  oi"  -lapau.  sweeps  northward  until  forming  two  branches, 
one  moves  onward  to  Behring  Strait,  and  the  otlier  bends  east- 
ward along  the  Aleutian  islands,  and  thcjice  southward  along  the 
coast  of  Sitka,  Oregon  and  California." 

Intelligent  people  remote  from  the  regions  here  described,  are 
prone  to  doubt  and  unwilling  to  acknowledge  the  superiority  of 
our  climate  along  the  north-west  coast.  For  the  purpose  of 
removing  doubt  on  this  very  important  subject  we  have  quoted 
verv  fully  from  ^Messrs.  Davidson  and  Sumner,  in  the  fond  hope 
aiKl  conscious  faith  that  this  important  truth  so  indispensable  to 
the  development  of  the  vast  latent  resources  in  those  regions, 
may  be  fully  understood  and  ai)prcciated.  With  all  due  respect 
to  the  opinions  of  the  above  named  gentlemen,  or  any  other 
man,  we  maintain  that  the  "  Japanese  thermal  current"  does  not 
extend  southward  of  Vancouver  island.  During  our  voyaging 
in  those  waters  we  have  foiled  to  notice  any  indic-ation  of  such 
a  current  on  the  coasts  of  Oregon  or  California,  and  have  never 
met  a  i)ractical  navigator  on  that  coast  advocating  such  a  theory. 
II  is  a  well  established  fact  among  the  coasters  that  the  climate 
along  the  coasts  of  California  and  Oregon  is  nuicli  colder  and 
more  frigid  than  that  on  Pugct  Sound  and  the  waters  washing 
the  coast  of  liritish  Columbia.  A  very  strong  cuiTcnt  runs  con- 
stantly to  the  northward  along  those  states,  otherwise  the  anti- 
quated, slow  lumber  vessels  beating  up  those  shores  against  the 
stiff  north-west  trade  winds  prevailing  in  those  regions,  would 
make  very  long  passages.  We  have  witnessed  trees  and  logs  of 
redwood  from  the  coast  forests  of  California  beached  on  the 


T 


h:UKl-f*i>il«  miirgiiiiiig  Hn'  ^^trait  Dc  Kuca.     Nearly  nil  tliu  vis- 
Hcls  Ktnimlod  on  the  bar  of  the  Columbia,  an.l  on  the  coasts  ad- 
jacent, have  drirtod  northwest  ;   the  cargoes  and  materials  of 
tiiosowrecics  have  invariably  grounded  on  the  coast  of  I'ritish 
Columbia  ;  all  the  deckloads  of  hnnber  thrown  off  of  vessels  on 
this  coast,  have,  in  every  instance,  landed  either  on  Queen  Char- 
lotte's island  or  on  the  neighboring  mainland.     From  such  cir- 
cumstances we  conclude  that  no  c\n'rent  flows  southward  along 
Die  shores  of  Oregon  and  California.     In  the  regions  east  of  the 
Cascade  mountains,  in  Ihitish  Columbia  and  the  eastern  divis- 
ion of  "Washington  Territory,  sfroug  indications  of  thermal  in- 
ilucnces  ar«!  manifest,  wiiich  fortifies  the  belief  fiiat  the  thermal 
winds  fron>  the  Indies  arc  absorbed  in  the  great  l)asin  of  tiie  (\>- 
lumltia,  :ind  tliat  those  warm  breezes  exert  a  directing  power  in 
tempering  the  climate,  even  in  tiie  northern  pass  of  the  llocky 
mountains.     The  Cariboo  gold  fields  arc  secluded  in  mountain 
fastnesses.     In  the  winter  season  the  climate  is  severe,  the  frost 
is  very  keen ;  miners  who  have  wintei  ed  in  those  fields  attlrm 
that  in  traveling  southward  sixty  miles  they  enter  a  genial  ther- 
mal climate.     The  warm  winds  rushing  in  through  the  mountain 
pass  from  the  oeean  exert  a  powerful  effect  in  those  regions, 
(luickening  vegetation,  spurring  the  grass  and  exciting  plants 
and  flowers.     The  "Hudson  Bay  Company"  have,  for   nearly 
half  a  century,  maintained  large  tracts  of  prairie  lands  in  the 
Kamaloops,  where  they  have  nurtured  and  reared  herds  of  cattle 
and  horses.     This  "  green  spot  in  memory's  waste  "  has  proved 
a  successful  pasture  ;  while  vast  herds  in  OregOii  and  California 
perished  from  the  inclemency  of  tiie  climate.     Stock  gi-azing  on 
those  bleak  prairies,  in  lat.  r.i",  tlu-ove  and  lattened.     Notwith- 
standing that  the  company  have  ne\er  provided  sheds  or  prov- 
ender, we  have  yet  to  learn  that  any  considerable  number  of 
their  cattle  perished  in  any  season  from  hunger  or  cold.     "  In 
the  economy  of  nature  these  thermal  currents  are  only  pipes  of 
hot  water,  modifying  the  climate  of  continents  by  carrying  heat 
I'rom  the  warm  cisterns  of  the  south  into  the  most  distant  places 
in  the  north.     .     .     .     Kver\-  ocean  wind  from  every  quarter,  as 
it  traverses  over  the  stream  of  heal,  lakes  up  the  warmth  and 
carries  it  to  the  coast,  so  that  the  ocean  current  is  re-enforced 
))y  an  aerial  current  of  constant  influence.     But  these  forces  are 
iiided  by  the  configuration  of  flic  norlhwcstern  coast  with  a  lofty 
and  impenetrable  liarricadc  of  mountains  by  which  its  islands 


•IE' 


'1 


ally  all  the  vis- 
jii  the  coasts  ad- 
iml  materials  of 
coast  of  r.ritlsh 
oil'  of  vessels  on 
V  on  Queen  Cliai- 
From  siicli  cir- 
southward  along 
'<>  ions  cast  of  the 
lie  eastern  ilivis- 
is  of  thermal  iii- 
tiiat  the  thermal 
L  basin  of  the  Co- 
irecting  power  in 
3S  of  tlu!  lloeky 
(led  in  monntain 
3  severe,  the  frost 
hose  fields  altirni 
iter  a  genial  ther- 
ngh  the  mountain 
u  those  regions, 

I  exciting  i)lants 
have,  for  nearly 

liric  lands  in  the 
red  herds  of  cattle 
astc  "  has  proved 
Oil  and  California 
Stock  grazing  on 
ttened.  Notwith- 
Lxl  sheds  or  prov- 
eraltle  number  of 
;er  or  cold.  "  In 
are  onlj'  pipes  of 
s  bj'  cariying  heat 
lost  distant  places 

II  everj'  quarter,  as 
>  the  warmth  and 
ent  is  re-enfoiced 
ut  these  forces  are 
1  coast  with  a  lofty 

wliicii  its  islands 


and  liarbors  are  protected  ft-oin  tfio  cold  of  the  north.  Occupy- 
ing the  Aluetiau  islands,  traversing  the  peninsula  of  Alaska, 
and  running  along  tiie  margin  of  the  ocean  to  lat.  54'  10,  tiiis 
mountain  ridge,  this  climatic  shed,  such  as  perhaps  exists  no- 
where else  in  the  world  ;  here  an  Alps,  some  of  them  volcanic, 
with"  Iklount  St.  Elias,  higher  than  Blount  Rlanc,  standing  guard 
against  the  Arctic  Circle  ;  so  it  serves  without  the  aid  of  science. 
Here  is  a  dike  between  the  icy  waters  of  Behring  sea  and  the 
milder  southern  ocean  ;  here  is  a  partition  between  the  treeless 
northern  coast  of  the  Keeuiaiis  and  Kolochians ;  here  is  a  fence 
which  separates  the  aniinul  kingdom  of  this  region,  leaving  on 
the  one  side  tlie  walrus  and  ice  fox  from  the  frozen  ocean,  and 
oil  the  other  side  the  huTnmiiig  bird  from  the  tropics.  I  simply 
repeat  the  statements  of  geography.  And  now  you  will  not  lail 
to  observe  how  by  this  configuration  the  thermal  currents  of  the 
ocean  are  left  to  exercise  their  climatic  powers."— /Swmner, 

Sitka,  the  famous  metropolis  of  the  Russian  Fur  Company, 
has  been  shorn  of  its  prestige  ;  it  is  still  the  "  seat  of  customs," 
and  the  official  headquarters  of  the  army.    Being  located  in  the 
southeastern  pan-handle  of  the  territory,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Fort  Simpson,  the  Hudson  Bay  Company's  nearest  trading  post, 
and  surrounded  by  the  most  treacherous  Indians  on  the  north- 
west coast,  who  have  inherited  a  deadly  animosity  against  tiic 
"  Bostons,"  they  carry  their  furs  and  products  to  Fort  Simpson 
and  trade  them  with  the  "  King  George  men."     In  consequence 
of  mutual  hatred  engendered  between  the  races,  little  trade  is 
now  done  at  Sitka ;  "  the  glory  of  Israel  is  departed."     Our  fish- 
ermen and  traders  make  a  "  bee  line  "  to  western  Alaska,  where 
they  find  kind,  christian  people  of  reliable,  docile  habits  ;   very 
industrious  trappers  and  fishermen,  with  whom  a  profitable  bar- 
ter in  oil,  furs,  ivory  and  fish  is  largely  and  profitably  carried 
on.    The  climate  prevailing  in  the  Sitka  district  changes  but  lit- 
tle in  the  course  of  a  year ;  being  fenced  in  by  a  chain  of  high 
mountains,  an  unusal  amount  of  rain  falls  continually.     "  B.\' 
this  it  will  be  seen  that  the  mean  temperature  of  Sitka  in  lat. 
57=  3,  derived  from  twelve  years  observation,  is  42*  9,  Fahren- 
heit.    .     .     .     The  average  amount  of  rain,  melted  snow  and 
hail  that  fell  from  1847  to  18G4  (with  the  exception  of  the  year 
1855)  was  82.66  inches,  or  Avithin  a  fraction  of  seven  feet,  (yet 
five  inches  less  than  the  fall  ut  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  ii\er,) 
and  the  average  annual  num1>or  of  days  upon  which  rain,  snow 


20 
or  Imil  fell,  or  heavy  fogs  prevailed,  was  2\:>,  oi    two  (l:iys  oiil 
of  every  three.     .     .     .    Kotzebue  snys  Uiul  in  tlio  iniildic  of 
winter  the  coM  is  not  excessive  and  never  lasts  ionir."— />'!- 

vklson. 

Kmliak  and  tlio  islands  ndjaeent  are  iii-;ii  and  criiu-y.  and 
subject  to  heavy  rains.     Tn  summer  tlie  diiys   are   sunny   and 
warm  ami  tlic  winter  is  much  colder  tiian  at  Sitl<a.     We  noticed 
•rreen,  nutritious  grass,  on  Avliidi  small  compressL'd  cattle  ^\ere 
feeding;  wc  also  observed  cabbages,  carrots,  potatoes  and  otli- 
or  vegetables  growing  in  the  neigliborhood  of  St.  I'aui.     "NNe 
were  unable  to  obtain  any  nieteorolugical   records  at  Si.  I'anl, 
and  our  knowledge  of  it  "is  extremely  United.     In  general  terms 
wc  know  that  it  is  wanner  in  summer  than  at  Sitka,  and  colder 
in  winter,  and  this  is  corrol)oruted  by  the  fact  that  ice  obtained 
at  Sitka  for  the  San  Francisco  market  has  in'cn  Iniind  unlit  for 
conuuerce  on  account  of  being  full  of  air  holes,  by  wliich  it  rap- 
idly melted,  and  recourse  was  had  to  the  ice  formed  by  the  cold- 
c-r  winters  of  Kadiak.     ...     In  the  latter  part  of  August  we 
round  grass  growing  from  the  si)iuignnm  and  liaving  an  average 
height  "of  not  less  than  two  feet.     It  is  usually   cut   about   the 
nrst  of  August,  and  cures  well  and  rapidly  in  a  lew  days  ;  some 
stalks  we  examined  were  in  as  fnie  condition  and  as  sweet  as 
any  we  have  seen  on  the  Atlantic  slope.     "Western  men  with  ns 
corroborated  our  botanist  in  saying  that  this  is  really  a  Hue  graz- 
ing country,  and  capable  of  sustaining  a  very  large  number  of 
cattle.     The  condition  of  cattle  we  saw  about  St.   Paul  and  on 
Si)ruce  Island,  and  at  the  fieedmen's  settlement  was  line,  and  the 
llavor  of  the  beef  we  obtained  was  good.     .     .     •     During  our 
stay  at  Kadiak,  from  August  -ifith  to  the  ;51st,  tlie  mean  temper- 
ature of  the  air  was  49'  5,  and  of  the  water,  15=  Hr—D<(ridson. 
As  we  travel  this  coast  to  the  westward  wc  encounter  dry, 
bracing  weather.     The  peninsida  of  Alaslca,  the  islands  fringing 
it,  and  the  Aleutian  islands,  are  lofty  and  comparatively  level ; 
no  timber  is  visible  along  these  shores  ;  grass  and  various  kinds 
of  vegetables  are  produced,  and  cattle,  goats  and  hogs  fare 
sumi)Uiously.     "  Our  stay  at  V  nalaska  was  too  limited  to  enable 
us  to  judge  of  the  climate,  except  in  the  inlhience  it  has  on  the 
botany  of  the  islands.     .     .     .    There  ;nc  no  trees  of  any  size 
whatever  upon  any  of  the  Aleutian  islands.     .     .     .     Grasses 
grow  luxuriantly,  and  when  cut  and  cured,  are  used  to  feed  the 
small  Siberian  breed  of  cuttle  tlu'ough  the  winter.      .      .      Uut 


81 


or  I  wo  (InyH  out 
in  tlio  tni<Ullo  of 
l:is(s  lonir." — Mt- 

:iii<l  crjiuuy.  iiii'l 
s   iiri'   siinuy   Mini 
itkn.     Wt'  iit)1ici'il 
I'cssoil  liiltli'  wen' 
liotiilocH  iind  otli- 
(•  St.  I'mil.     "Wi- 
•onls  at  St,  r:uil. 
In  <j;L'ni'r:il  ti'inis 
Sitka,  and  colilcr 
tlitit  i('(!  ohtaiiu'd 
■en  I'onnd  unlit  I'or 
>s,  by  whifli  it  rap- 
Ibrniod  1iy  tlicouM- 
•  part  of  Au<j;ust  wi- 
liavinj^  an  averajic 
;l!y    cut    aliout   tiic 

I  a  few  days  ;  sonic 

II  and  as  sweet  as 
estern  men  with  ns 
is  really  a  fine  <rraz- 
y  large  number  of 
t  St.  Paul  and  on 
•lit  was  fine,  and  the 

.  l)urin<^  our 
it,  the  mean  temper- 
■15'  H,"—D(ii'idson. 
1  we  encounter  dry, 
the  islands  fringing 
comparatively  level ; 
RS  and  various  kinds 
oats  and  hogs  fare 
too  limited  to  enable 
liueneo  it  has  on  the 
no  trees  of  any  size 
s.  ...  Grasses 
are  used  to  feed  the 
winter.      .       .      Ihit 


llip  published  meteorological  oliscrvatious  of  liie  flreek  iJishop 
Veuianiinolf,  nuido  at  Ilo.diouk  between  the  years  \H'2^t  and 
1h;!I,  alford  much  useful  material  from  which  to  draw  fair  eon- 
elusions  of  tiie  climate.  .  .  .  Tin'  mean  temiierature,  from 
nine  years  observations,  is  MM'  05,  or  I'  D  below  that  of  Sitka. 
.  .  .  The  clearest  montlis  without  clouds  are  Di'cember, 
January  and  February,  when  the  north  and  north-west  winds 
prevail.  .  .  .  August,  September  and  Octol)er  arc  tlie 
months  in  which  the  most  rain  falls,  during  which  time  winds 
from  the  south  and  south-west  prevail.  .  .  .  Tlnmdcr 
storms  are  rare,  only  seventeen  being  recorded  in  seven  years, 
ami  some  in  winter."  —  Davkhon, 

^Vhlds  along  the  coast  ditfer  with  the  seasons ;  during  the 
spring  and  summer  months  south-west  winds  generally  prevail 
along  the  soulliern  and  western  shores;  in  the  autumn  and 
winter  seasons,  uorth-west,  north  and  north-east  winds  arc 
regular,  with  occasional  breezes  from  the  southward.  Fogs  are 
connnon  along  the  shores,  but  not  very  dense,  being  much 
lighter  than  those  around  the  (Jolden  Gate  —  the  entrance  to 
San  Francisco.  "  The  prevailing  winds  in  winter  are  easterly, 
and  if  from  the  soutliward  are  accompanied  with  rain  and  snow  ; 
when  from  the  north-east  the  weather  is  generally  clear  and 
cohl.  La  Perouse  says  that  when  the  wind  is  but  a  few  degrees 
north  of  west,  the  sky  is  generally  pretty  clear.  When  ap- 
proaching Behring  Bay,  he  says :  '  I  first  thought  these  seas 
more  foggy  than  those  which  separate  Europe  and  America,  but 
I  should  have  been  greatly  mistaken  to  have  irrevocably  em- 
braced this  opinion.'  The  fogs  of  Nova  Scotia,  Newfoundland 
and  Hudson  Bay  have  uncontestable  claim  to  pre-eminence  fioni 
their  constant  density.  The  stormy  weath(;j'  commences  in 
October ;  storms  and  tempests  are  frequent  in  November  and 
December,  and  from  the  vicinity  of  Sitka  the  aurora  1)orealis  is 
seen  frequently  and  verN'  brilliant  during  clear,  cold  nights. 
The  winter  weather  breaks  up  about  the  end  of  March,  and  the 
Russian-American  Company's  vessels  are  ready  for  their  first 
fnr-trading  early  iu  April,  wiien  the  weather  is  cold  but  com- 
paratively dry.  Jlarch,  Ajiril,  Slay,  June,  July,  and  sometimes 
August,  are  good  months,  with  t.n  average  montidy  rain-fall 
not  much  greater  than  on  the  Atlantic  coast." —  Dacidtiun. 

Timber.     The  south-eastern  angle  of  the  tei'ritory  is  densely 
covered  with  forest ;  several  varieties  of  wood  are  found  con- 


22 
vcniPiit  to  nrooptnblo  hiulioi"*.    Tho  Sllkft  Hpiuro  prp(loiiuntttc»', 
1111(1  in  Hoini'  ciiHt's  iiltiiiiiH  oiioniiDiis  (Uiiu'iisioiiH  ;  tliin  limluT  is 
wi'll  ttilftptea  lor  Htiivcs,  liiiiKlmgs  ami  wlmivi'H.     Yollow  ci-tlur 
is  vory  ubundunl,  liu»  u  close  K«!i''''  rcimirkalilc  elasticity,  niitl 
is  well  luliiptoil  lor  tho  general  purposes  of  Hliipltuililint,',  is 
proof  against  the  (m\  worm,  and  makes  good  botton.  plank, 
ceiling,  clami)S,  bends,  and  a  superior  article  for  deck  plank  ; 
the  Russians  have  used  this  wood  auecessfully  in  ship  and  other 
building  for  nearly  a  century,  and  it  has  given  generid  satis- 
faction.    "The    prevailing    forest   tree   is   the   Sitka   si>ruce, 
glowing  to  a  great  siz*-,  coviTing  every  foot  r>f  ground,  and 
climliing  the  steepest  mountain  sitles  to  the  hciglit  of  ar^OO  feet 
above  the  avu.     We  measured  felled  trees  of  tliis  spruce  that 
were  184  feet  long,  and  four  feet  tliiek  at  the  butt,  while  adjacent 
standing  trees  were  over  six  feet  in  diameter,  an<l  branchless  for 
over  tlfty  feet.     Hemlock,  aiders  and  willows  are  fouml,  l)Ut  the 
most  valuable  wood  of  the  country  is  the  yellow  cedar,  with  a 
fine  even  texture,  fragrant  smell,  good  size  and  greater  strength 
tlian  the  spruce.     We  first  called  public  attention  to  tho  Port 
Oxford  white  cedar  in  1851,  and  while  admitting  its  many  good 
(lualitics,  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  the  yellow  cedar 
of  Alaska  is  a  much  superior  wood ;  it  is  readily  worked,  takes 
a  smooth  surface,  and  is  remarkably  durable.     It  will  make  a 
valuable  addition  to  the  cabinet  woods  of  the  California  market, 
is  superior  as  a  ship  timber  to  any  on  the  coast,  and  from  our 
short  examination  we  arc  satisfied  that  it  may  be  obtained  of 
ample  size  for  the  frames  and  knees  of  ordinary  sized  vessels. 
At  Skalitch  anchorage  one  was  measured  eighteen  feet  in  cir- 
cumferencc,  and  estimated  at  over  120  feet  in  height.    We  ob- 
tained and  for-.varded  part  of  the  keelson  and  frame  of  one  of 
the  Russian  American  Company-'s  small  vessels  which  was  con- 
structed  of  this  wood  over  thirty4wo  years  ago,  and  had  been 
lying  a  wreck  on  the  beach  several  years ;  it  exhibits  not  the 
least  sign  of  decay  or  toredo  attacks,  the  wood  around  the  iron 
and  copper  bolts  is  nearly  as  well  preserved  as  on  the  day  they 
were  driven.     The  hulls  of  all  the  trading  and  fishing  vessels 
on  this  new  coast  ni:,y  be  constructed  of  this  durable  wood  upon 
any  of  the  innumerable  bays  of  the  Alexander  Archipelago :  we 
have  s.    ,oned  a  small  piece  of  it  for  one  year  in  a  dry,  warm 
room,  and  it  has  a  weight  indicating  twenty-six  pounds  to  the 
cu])ic  foot ;  under  ordinary  seasoning  tho  woigiit  would  bo  over 
lliirty  pounds."   -  DavUhov. 


irc  prc<loiniimt('f, 
i ;  tluH  UiiiIht  is 
H.  Yi'llow  ciMliir 
lie  t'liiHticity,  ami 

HliipliiiiUlin^,  ix 
(1  buttoih  pliiiiU, 

for  tlei'k  plunk  ; 
in  Hliip  anil  oUut 
[<n  general  salis- 
le  Sitkrt  sprnce, 
,  of  ground,  and 
iglit  of  anou  feet 
i  UiiH  8i)nice  that 
lit,  while  adjacent 
in<l  branchless  for 
ire  found,  l)ut  the 
low  cedar,  witli  a 
I  greater  strength 
mtion  to  the  Port 
ng  its  many  good 

the  yellow  cedar 
lily  worked,  takes 
.  It  will  make  a 
California  market, 
ist,  and  from  our 
lay  be  obtained  of 
lary  sized  vessels, 
ghtecn  feet  in  cir- 

height.  We  ob- 
id  frame  of  one  of 
Is  which  was  con- 
go,  and  had  been 
,  exhibits  not  the 
»d  around  the  iron 
is  on  the  day  they 
and  fishing  vessels 
lurable  wood  upon 
:  Archipelago :  we 
;ar  in  a  dry,  warm 
six  pounds  to  the 
irlit  woidd  Ite  over 


Hilionils  havi!  been  found  in  various  [/srt^  uf  tlw  U-fnt^ry  ; 
coal  ami  iron  arc  plainly  visilile  to  the  nuki"!  eye  alotig  fho 
shores  on  Cook's  inlet  ;  gold  has  been  found  in  prtvinir  fpianti- 
lies;  silver,  copper  and  bismuth  have  been  dise(»verca  in  locali- 
ties convenient  to  navigation.  "Of  these  little  is  known,  and 
Prince  Maksutoll',  lute  Governor  of  the  Hiissimi  Colonies,  ae- 
knowle<lged  that  the  company  hud  been  ho  persistently  engaged 
in  procin-ing  furs  and  studying  up  the  best  methods  of  keei)ing 
up  the  supply,  that  no  tliorongh  minerologicul  exploration  had 
Iteen  made,  although  a  large  cabinet  of  niineroh)glcal  specinieus 
for  comparison  had  been  furnished  by  the  company  to  the  eliicf 
establishment  at  Sitka.  Under  his  directions  the  very  I'vw 
specimens  of  Alaska  minerals  in  possession  of  the  servants  of 
the  company  were  transferred  to  the  coast  surve}'  and  referred 
to  the  geologist.  .  .  The  moat  important  discovery  was 
made  by  the  coast  survey  in  October,  1867,  in  the  valley  at  tiie 
head  of  St.  John's  Bay,  opening  upon  Newski  Strait  about 
seventeen  and  one-half  miles  northward  of  Sitka.  Pieces  of 
coal,  largely  intermixed  with  rock,  to  which  tlicir  preservation 
was  due,  were  found  four  or  five  miles  along  the  bed  of  the 
small  but  rapid  stream.  Aller  a  second  [lartial  exploration, 
and  obtaining  large  specimens,  it  was  believed  the  coal  was  an- 
thracite, .  .  .  but  from  all  the  geological  evidence  the 
geologist  reiiortcd  that  the  bed  or  beds  from  which  it  was  broken 
will,  if  discovered,  afibrd  coal  of  vastly  superior  quality  to  any 
heretofore  known  to  exist  in  the  territory,  and  the  government 
was  advised  to  direct  exhaustive  examination  of  this  locality. 
Recent  information  has  been  received  that  this  coal  vein,  which 
has  l)ecn  discovered,  is  of  great  thickness,  is  an  anthracite,  has 
been  burnt  on  a  United  States  steamer,  and  reported  iii)on  fa- 
vorably. .  .  .  Should  petroleum  come  to  be  used  as  a 
steam  producing  fuel  on  steamships,  there  is  a  prospect  of  a 
supply  being  obtained  from  the  south-cast  shore  of  Alaska 
peninsula,  at  or  near  Katmay  Bay,  in  lat.  58°  51,  long.  154*  54, 
and  abreast  of  Kadiak  islands.  The  governor  furnished  the 
coast  survey  with  a  specimen  of  the  crude  oil  obtained  there  two 
or  three  j-cirs  ago.  The  finder,  a  teacher  in  the  Russian- 
American  Company,  reported  that  he  found  three  streams  in  the 
above  locality  covered  with  petroleum.  Specimens  of  fine  cop- 
per have  bten  gathered  from  various  localities,  but  the  principle 
source  is  on  the  Atna  or  copi)cr  river,  about  twenty-five  or  thirty 


21 

miles  i.bovo  its  mouth,  wlioro  discoNciy  ami  ifsi-arch tifi; vctiirdod 
on  nccoimt  of  llic  roportcnl   liostiiily  of  {h^^   iintivos.     .     .     . 
Alltlio  iH'ciiliurly  I'muml  n.pi)or-plntos  of  tlic  jialivi 3,  twoiity- 
six  by  liftocn  iiiehos,  nii.l  so  imuli-pvi/ea  as  heir-looms  by  the 
Iiulians  !is  far  south  as  Vancouvoi's  islamb  arc  hauunerod  out 
of  mire  eoppero) stained  from  thin  river.     .     .     .     (!old  Is  fomid 
on  the  Stieki;iu(!  river,  and  even  uitli  very  crude   means   ol 
workings  the  miners  report  that  they  can  make  from  $2  to  $7  per 
dav,bu't  the  climate  forbids  thcnn  working  more  tlian  six  months 
of'the  year.     Proper  methods  of  '.vorking  the  line  gold  placers 
of  this'river  would  yield  twice  the  amount.     Gold  is  reported  to 
iiave  been  found  by  mining  engineer  Doroschin  on  the  Kenay 
river,  which  enters 'Cook's  inlet  on  the  eastern  shore  about  lat. 
00=  i-2,  at  the  Russian  station  of  St.  Nicholas,  l)ut  wo  have  no 
authentic  information  on  the  subjcrt  beyond  the  statement  of 
Tebenkolf.*     In   little  Naquashinski  inlet,  fifteen  miles  from 
Sitka,  the  coast  survey  party  discovered  very  fine  marble  in  in- 
exhaustible quantities,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chilkaht  speci- 
mens of  marble  of  a  very  coarse  grain,  and  others  of  a  very  imc 
crystalization,  were  discovered,  all  being  white,  very  pure  and 
munarked.     .     .     .     The  hot  springs  laying  on  the  south-west 
part  of  Sitka  Sound,  were  not  visited,  and  we  know  nothing 
more  than  the  meagre  descriptions  of  Lisiansky,  Si?npson,  and 
ctlu'rs.     There  arc  four  distinct  springs  issuing  frgm  fissures  in 
the  granite  rock.     At  its  source  the  principal  spring  has  a  tem- 
pera'ture  of  1531°  Fahrenheit,  and  is  chiefly  impregnated  with 
sulphur,  but  als'o  has  salt  and  magnesia  in     solution.    There 
is  also  a  large  basin,  purposely  dug  in  the  ground,  to  receive  the 
waters  of  the  springs,  about  two  or  three  hundred  yards  from 
the  beach  and  fifty  feet  above  high  water ;  in  this  basin  the 
water  has  a  temperature  of  about  100=  Fahrenheit.     Two  sub- 
stantial buildings  of  hewn  logs,  erected  by  the  Russian  Company 
for  hospital  cases  of  chronic  rheumatism  and  cutaneous  diseases, 
are  situated  on  the  sloping  face  of  the  bank ;  in  front  lies  a 
pretty  little  cove,  completely  sheltered  by  an  archipelago  of 
small,  wooded  islands ;    in  the  rear  is  a  barrier  of   rugged 
mountains,  while  immediately  within  the  influence  of  the  warm 
waters  and  continually  rising  vapors,  there  grows  a  luxuriant 

the  vlacors  rich  in  coarse  gold. 


T 


kI  ii'si'aich iU'e I't'livrdcil 
'  th'.'   unlivos.     .     .     . 
of  tlic  natives,  Iwciity- 
l1  lis  hc'ii'-looiiis  liy  the 
ind,  are  hauinioroil  out 
,     .     .     (!ol(l  Is  luiind 
very  fnulo   inoaiin   of 
make  IVoni  $2  to  S7  per 
li  more  than  six  montlis 
tf  the  line  gold  placers 
:it.     GoliUs  reported  to 
orosclun  on  the  Kenay 
astern  sliorc  about  lat. 
eliolas,  but  vvc  have  no 
jyond  the  statement  ol" 
lict,  iiftoen  miles  from 
very  line  marble  in  in- 
,  of  the  Chilliaht  speci- 
and  others  of  ii  very  iinc 
g  white,  very  pure  and 
ying  on  the  south-west 
,  and  wc  know  nothing- 
Lisiansky,  Si?npson,  and 
issuing  frgm  lissures  in 
icipal  spring  has  a  teni- 
hiefly  impregnated  with 
3ia  in     solntion.    There 
he  ground,  to  receive  the 
ree  hundred  yards  from 
vater ;  in  this  basin  the 
'  Fahrenheit.     Two  sub- 
by  the  Russian  Company 
n  and  cutaneous  diseases, 
he  bank  ;  in  front  lies  a 
d  by  an  archipelago  of 
is  a  barrier  of   rugged 
he  influence  of  the  warm 
there  grows  a  luxuriant 

9,  ami  pnw  ppecimens  of  coarpe 
0  l)rouKlit  several  soldiers  fl-om 
hev  exhibited  (luantitici  of  gold 
10  weeks  previous,  ivud  rcporteU 


vuidiiru  even  where  all  mound  is  clothed  in  snow.  The  waters 
adjacent  arc  alive  Avith  fish  and  fowl,  and  the  laud  teems  with 
deer  and  other  game."  —  Davidson. 

The  Memorial  from  the  Legislature  of  Washington  Territory, 
(above  quoted),  asked  the  President  "  To  employ  such  ships  as 
might  be  spared  from  the  North  Pacific  naval  fleet,  in  surveying 
the  fishing  banks  along  the  coast  from  the  Cortez  bank  to  liehr- 
ing  Strait."  Our  beneficent  government  has  nobly  responded  to 
this  prayer.  Immediately  on  assuming  jurisdiction  over  Alaska, 
a  scientific  expedition  in  connection  with  the  coast  survey  was 
sent  to  that  territory,  instructed  to  collect  correct  information  in 
regard  to  geographical  science, climate,  products  of  the  country, 
ocean  currents  and  Iheir  future  bearings  on  the  question  of  the 
steamship  route  to  the  Indies ;  also  to  ascertain  the  bounds  and 
extent  of  the  fishing  banks,  and  the  facilities  for  developing  the 
fishing  resources  in  those  waters.  Banks  have  been  found  and 
partially  surveyed  In  Bristol  Bay,  around  the  Aleutian  islands, 
along  the  peninsula  of  Alaska,  and  adjacent  to  the  Kadiak 
group.  The  eastern  half  of  Behring  Sea,  a  liroad,  level  plateau, 
having  from  twenty  to  forty  fathoms  of  water,  is  found  to  be  a 
boundless  reservoir  of  cod,  containing  al)out  20,000  square 
miles.  "  The  extensive  sheet  of  water  north  of  the  Aleutians 
to  Behring  Strait,  in  lat.  Cil",  and  between  the  American  and 
Asiatic  continents,  is  known  as  Behring  Sea,  and,  so  far  as 
sounded,  consists  of  very  extensive  submarine  levels  of  remark- 
able eveness  of  surface  at  a  very  small  depth."  —  Davidson. 

The  Unmak  bank,  margining  the  Aleutians,  Shumagins  and 
Kadiak  islands  ire  somewhat  deeper  ;  those  grounds  amount  to 
nearly  45,000  square  miles,  embraced  Avithin  the  fifty  fathom 
curve.  "The  oauks  along  the  shores  of  Alaska,  around  the 
Kadiak  group,  and  part  of  the  Aleutian  chain,  will  add  not  less 
than  4.5,000  sq  lare  miles,  with  a  depth  of  not  over  fifty  fathoms 
to  the  18,000  miles  of  the  Behring  Sq-a."  —  Davidson. 

The  waters  extending  eastward  from  the  Kadiak  islands  indi- 
cate light  apjiearance  and  moderate  soundings.  Early  navi- 
gators report  :i  vast,  broad  plain  in  this  region,  with  fathomable 
depth  ;  no  delinite  bounds  or  deepness  have  as  yet  been  as- 
certained, and  the  extent  of  this  valual)le  fishing  ground  remains 
undefined.  "  The  soundings  of  Portlock,  of  ^'ancouver,  and  of 
this  expedition,  prove  the  existence  of  a  comparatively  shoal 
bank,  extending  along  the  south-eastern  coa-st  of  Afognak  au(l 


■'('< 


If' 


t' 
e 


K;uli:ik,  l\\flilv-li\i'  mill'"  'li-t  "'■  ^l-  '':nil'  '''''^'  >'i'Ji>l*'''l'  ^^i'''' 
(ilitiiiiu'd  on  lliisltimU  liy  this  cNiicditiou  w;is  lorly-livc  nillioiiis. 
in  lnt..VS=  l,").  lonLi.  1J'.»'  1-'.  H  i-^  I'lir  lu  iissmnc  tiisit  liii- 
liiink  I'xli'nils  iilonij,-  tlic  Hoiitli-onst  shore  of  Kadhili.  ;is  incitU'nt;:! 
:ni(l  iim(.)nn('(teil  ohscrviitions  inilicnti'."  —  Duvidson. 

Ilciv  nc   liml  :i    vast    ntn'scry  ol"  conniic'rcT  —  lli'hiing-  Sea. 
I'ninuik.iuul  the  r(jrtUick  hanks, coniprisinjj; over  lU(»,()()0.s(iiiarr 
luik'S  of  avaihililc   lishinii,-  ^roniids.  jiivauT  tlian   tliosc  in   the 
Ccnuan  Ocean  ami  all  the  known  hanks  in  the  North  Atlantie. 
ineln(lin<-'  those  friiiuinif  the  Urilisli  Islands.  Sliellands,  Faroes, 
leeland,  CWvcMiland.  I.al)rador.  Newfoundland,  (iulf  of  St.  I.aw- 
rent'e.  Nova    Seotia.   Xew   lirun.>wiek    and    the    New    Hn^land 
States.     On  every   pa.rt  ol'  this  \asl  area,  idunii).  solid,  sweet 
cod  may  he  taken  as  fast  as  tlii'y  can  he  dressed  and  kenehed. 
■•  Tile  hank  where  trial  was  fn-st  made  for  lisii  was  fonnd  on  the 
filteenth  of  Sei)ten!lier,  dm-inij;  a  |irevalenee  of  tliiek  weathei'. 
We  fortunately  seized  an  openin-i;  and  ohtained  good  ohserva- 
lions  for  longitude,  with  an  apiiroximate  latitude;  the  position 
is  in  hit  53=  ;5.J.  long.  l(!l=   10.  an<l  near  it  soundings  were  oh- 
tained  in  Jil'ty  fathoms  of  water,  the  load  hringing  ni)  sand  and 
a  small  starlisli.     "With  thick,  drizzly  woalher,  the  vessel  drifted 
lo  the  north-west  by  the  eomi)ass,  until  sixty  fathoms  were  struck, 
with  sandy,  pelil.ly  bottom:  here  the  lead-lino  was  baited,  and 
while  on  tlio  bottom  the  iirst  cod  took  the  hook.     The  lish  proved 
very  i.lenty,  fat.  and  bit  eagerly;  freciuontly  two  wore  brought 
up  "on  a  double-hooked  lino,  and  stmiotimos  three  wore  brought 
up  on  a   line  with  three  hooks.     The  largest  measiu'od  thirty- 
seven  inches  in   lenglh.  and   several  reached  thirty-six   inches. 
The  llnost  Avas  thirty-six  inches  long,  twenty-three  inches  girt, 
and  weighed  twenty-seven  pounds,  was  very  fat.  and  certainly 
of  as  fine,  if  not  finer,  llavor  than   co<l  we  had  oaten  eleven 
months  before,  freshly  caught  on  the  south  coast  of  Newfound- 
land.    The  vessel  drifted  all  the  afternoon  over  this  bank  with 
the  same  depth  of  water,  the  fish  biting  well,  although  they  ap- 
peared in  capital  condition,  their  maws  being  full  of  food,  such 
as  s(iui.1.  hahbut-head.  lisii  the  size  of  a  herring,  sea  lice,  cU-."' 

— ■  Darirlm)!. 

Halibut  are  found  on  these  banks;  they  are  smaller  than  those 
found  in  the  North  Aihiutic.  ( »n  a  small  patch  near  the  island 
of  Sanak,  west  ol'the  Slmmagins.  they  arc  f.-uiid  alnindaiith 
and  much  hirgorllian  those  taken  in  the  a<IJaeci;l  water.. ;  in  s<;n;c 


Ill'  iliuali'Ml  wiiti  r 
trtv-livc  rnllioiiis. 
iissmiic  lliiil  lliis 
liiik.  lis  incident;:! 
I'idsuii. 

I'  —  lU'hi'iiiji'  Sea. 
•or  lU(),OU().s(jiiiin' 
liiin  tliosc  ill  tlu' 
'  Nortli  Atliiiilif. 
Uit-'llaiKls,  Fiiroi'.-, 
(;uir  of  St.  I.aw- 
11'  New  Kiij>laii(l 
mil),  solid,  swei'l 
sed  and  Ivcni'lu'd. 
was  found  on  tiic 
of  thick  wt'atlu'i'. 
icd  <j,ood  ohwcrva- 
udo ;  till'  iiofsition 
jundiiiiis  wore  oli- 
;>-in;i;  u[)  sand  and 
,  tlio  vessel  drifted 
tlionis  wore  struck, 
10  was  baited,  and 
:.  The  lisli  proved 
two  wove  lironjiii), 
;liroo  wore  liroii>j;lit 
;  measured  tliirty- 

tiiirtv-six  iiu-lios. 
-three  inciies  <j;irt. 
fat,  and  certainly 

had  oaten  olo\en 
last  (jf  Nowfoiind- 
vor  this  hank  with 

altliough  they  ap- 

full  of  food,  siicli 
■in;j,  sea  Mco,  t^c." 

'  siiianorthaii  tiioM' 

Ich  near  tlio  island 

r.Miiid  ;;linndaiit!\ 

oi;l  water:. :  in  s-<;ii'.c 


27 

i'a-^i'-<  ihey  wcinh  n\cr  Hlii  11)>.  (h('^,-,e(!.  aiKi  ai'c  ww  >,\\((i. 
■•  III  hit.  ."i  1  '  L'li.  lonii'.  H'li'*  •"'!•,  ahou)  nine  mile-.  >.oiith-ea-.l  from 
the  Sanak  reef,  wo  pit  lioltoni  in  tliii'1y-li\i'  fatlionis.  rociv  .mil 
liariiaclos  hoini^'  hroiiiihl  up  liy  llie  load.  In  nearly  this  laxi 
h^cality  Cooiv  canu'ht  o\er  one  iiiindicil  halihiit,  lanuin;^'  finiii 
lweiilyt(i  one  hundred  jiomids  oacli  :  he  tln'icfoii'  api>lied  tjie 
iianie  of  lialiiuit  inland  toil."  —  Dan'iJ.Kdn. 

'I'lie  ivoeii,  seai'chiuLi'  li>!u'riiioii  from  ('alifniiiia  and  W'asliiiii;- 
ton  'I'orritoiy.  lia\o  foi"-o\ oral  years  past  lidu'il  on  Iheseiiroiinds  : 
in  Dristol  I'.'iy  ami  around  the  Sliuniauiii>  they  have  found  cod 
and  halihut  very  plenty:  the  lnisino-s  has  lieeii  fairly  trii'd  with 
prolitahle  results.  ••  Xc\t  to  the  fur-trade,  in  its  le;j,iliiiiate 
pnrsuii,  the  lishorios  oil'  the  coast  of  tlio  new  tei'ritory  will  jiro\o 
iiio  most  \aluah|e  and  certain  :  in  fact.  1  (•oiisidcrthcm  the  most 
important  acquisition  to  our  I'acilic  coast.  .\s  the  lianks  of 
Xewfoiindland  ha\-c  lioon  to  the  trade  of  the  Atlantic  so  will 
tlio  lii'oator  hanks  of  .Maska  l)o  to  the  I'acilic,  incxlian-tihlo  in 
snpi>ly  of  tish  that  arc  c(iual,  il'  not  superior  in  size  and  (|uallty 
to  those  of  the  Atlantic;  and  the  |iinsnit  there  of  doxclopini;-  a 
racoof  soainon  yearly  decieasinn,  as  our  sleam  niariiie.  nierchant 
and  naval,  is  incro.-isinif.  W'v  have  the  reiterated  and  disinte- 
I'ostoil  statements  of  all  the  old  na\i.'j,ators  and  fur-traders,  that 
every  part  of  the  coast  ahonmls  in  cod.  halihut.  sahiion.  and 
every  variety  of  tish  inhahitinii'  comparatively  cold  wat(~rs,  and 
the  oxperionoe  of  the  presonl  expedition  osVahlislios  the  trnthfnl- 
iie,s  of  their  descriptions.  IJiit  the  most  valiiahhi  fish  on  the 
coast  is  the  cod.  .and  so  far  as  ascortaiiiod.  il  has  already  heen 
very  prolitahle  to  those  interestod  in  it.  .  .  .  'I'lie  waters 
liotwoiMi  the  Alaska  i)oninsnhi  and  the  Shunia^in  islands  are 
well  protoctod  from  the  heavy  swell  of  the  Pacific.  All  tlu' 
California  tishinji;  vessels  now  resort  t(j  the  f>rounds  about  the 
.Shuma,2;ins,  whore  lish  arc  very  plentiful  and  superior  to  those 
in  the  Oeliotslc  Sea.  Among  the  islands  are  very  n'ood  harbors  ; 
fresh  water  is  everywhere  rcadil}'  obtained,,  and  some  drlft-wocjd 
for  fuel  may  be  collected  along  tho  shores.  Jhit  the  groiitest 
advantage  is,  that  vessels  when  fishing  may  always  lie  under  the 
loe  of  some  one  of  the  numerous  high  islands,  thus  making 
fishing  a  mueh  more  comfortable  business  than  when  riding  out 
in  tho  open  sea.  The  kind  of  bait  used  hero  is  salted  herrings 
from  San  Krancisco,  and  halilHit  and  sculpins  caught  on  tho 
around."  -  -  Dnrlflton. 


28 
Salmon.    This  dcRr,  nristocrutic  fish,  so  scarto  in  llic  wnnucr 
wiitors  of  the  North  Athmtic,  fairly  revel  in  ami  around  the 
southern  and  western  shores  of  this  enormous  territory.    Salmon 
trout  are  found  aroiuid  the  islands  on  the  coast ;  they  congregate 
in  millions  near  the  mouths  of  the  monntain  gulches,  and  range 
from  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  in  length,  solid  and  very  fit.     This 
tish  may  lie  taken  in  great  numbers;  packed  in  small  packages 
for  mining  and  other  inland  consumption,  this  delicious  luxuiy 
is  destined  in  a  few  years  to  take  the  place  of  the  miserable 
trash  of  rusty  mackerel  now  poisoning  interior  eonnnunities  on 
our  continent.     Silver  salmon  are  also  found  around  the  islands 
in  countless  numbers  ;  they  generally  resort  to  the  small  rivers 
on  the  islands.     "We  observed  many  of  them  around  the  Kadiak 
group  ;  they  are  larger  than  the  salmon  trout,  anil  nniy  be  seined 
ill  millions.     "When  properly  dressed  ahd  pickled  this  lish  com- 
mands a  i)remium  in  the  nnirkets  of  the  world.     In  the  Stickine, 
Copper,  Cook,  Nooshgak,  Yukon,  and  the  larger  rivers  draining 
tlie  southern  and  western  coasts  of  the  territory,  enormous  large, 
fat   salmon   are   found.     This   fish  attains  extraordinary  size, 
ranging  from  thirty  to  fifty,  and  in  some  instances,  sixty  inches 
in  length,  many  of  them  girting  thirty  inches  ;  we  ha\  e  witnessed 
several  in  Cook's  inlet,  divested  of  head,  back-bone  and  tail, 
cleanly  dressed,  that  weighed  over  100  lbs.     The  waters  bathing 
these  shores  for  thousands  of  miles  teem  with  salmon  ;  we  have 
seen  them  reveling  in  these  waters  twenty  leagues  off  shore  : 
they  may  be  taken  in  suflicient  numbers   annually  to   supply 
northern  America  and  Europe,  at  figures  competing  with  nnick- 
erel,  pork  or  beef.     This  sure  industry  otters  the  most  tempting 
inducements  to  the  energetic  young  fisherman  possessing  means 
and  pluck.     We  have  great  confidence  in  this  fishery,  and  earn- 
estly commend  it  to  the  most  favorable  attention  of  fishmongers. 
••  At  some  of  the  entrances  to  shallow,  fresh  water  streams,  the 
water  is  packed  with  salmon,  and  bears  come  down  in  numbers 
to  feed  upon  them,  selecting  th(>  heads  only.     On  some  of  the 
lieaches  near  these  streams  the  seine  will  take  them  in  thousands. 
In  the  bays  leading  to  the  streams,  at  their  head  on  the  south- 
east side  of  Alaska  peninsula,  the  salmon  are  crowded  so  thickly 
that  the  progress  of  a  boat  is  impeded,  and  should  a  south-east 
-storm  arise  at  such  times  the  fish  are  driven  on  the  beach  in  in- 
numerable (piantities  ;  one  of  the  Kussian  navigators  assures  us 
tiiat  lie  has  seen  the  beach  strewn  two  to  three  feet  thick  with  the 


to  in  ihc  wnrmor 
and  around  the 
ritoiy.    Salmon 

they  congvogatc 
lehes,  and  range 
ilvcryfct.     This 

(small  packages 
delicious  luxury 
ol"  the  miserable 

communities  on 
•onnd  the  islands 
the  small  rivers 
•onnd  the  Kadiak 
nd  nniy  be  seined 
'd  this  lish  eom- 

In  the  Stickine, 
n-  rivers  draining 
,-,  enormous  large. 
:traordinary  size, 
uees,  sixty  inches 
ive  have  witnessed 
:'k-bonc  and  tail, 
he  waters  bathing 
salmon  ;  we  have 
}agucs  otr  shore  : 
nually  to  supply 
)eting  with  mack- 
he  most  tempting 
possessing  means 
lishery,  and  earn- 
on  of  fishmongers, 
water  streams,  the 
down  in  numbers 

On  some  of  the 
them  in  thousands, 
ead  on  the  south- 
crowded  so  thickly 
lould  a  south-east 
n  the  beach  in  in- 
rigators  assures  us 
>  feet  thick  with  the 


2'J 

stranded  salmon.  .  .  .  Socman  says  that  salmon,  so  fro- 
(juent  in  Norton  Sound,  lat  Ol',  are  not  found  to  the  northward 
of  the  river  Buckland,  emptying  into  Kotzebue  Sound,  in  lat. 
00®  05  ;  they  appear  however  to  be  superceded  by  the  nndlet, 
which  attains  considerable  size.  He  obtained,  for  a  blue  Iiead, 
a  nmllet  thirty-three  inches  long,  weighing  twenty-one  pounds." 
—  Davidson. 

Herring  al)Ound  in  these  waters  ;  they  vary  in  size  in  ditferent 
localities  ;  those  taken  in  the  waters  adjacent  to  Sitka  are  small 
and  poor ;  those  found  in  liehring  sea  are  large,  plump  and  fat. 
'•In  September,  when  drawing  the  seine  for  salmon  at  Ilioidionk 
harbor,  several  herring  were  obtained  of  large  size,  fatter,  and 
of  much  finer  flavor  than  the  herring  caught  on  the  California 
coast.  No  information  was  obtained  of  the  season  when  they 
visit  the  coast.  They  are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Sitka,  and 
doubtless  visit  the  whole  sea-board.  Porllock  mentions  that 
when  hauling  the  seine,  he  caught  large  ()uantities  of  herring 
and  some  salmon.  The  herring,  though  small,  were  very  good, 
and  two  hogsheads  of  them  were  salted  for  sea  stores.  Lisian- 
sky  says,  herring  swarm  in  Sitka  Sound  every  spring.  Seenian 
says  that  herring  and  whiting  are  caught  in  Hotham  Inlet,  in 
Kotzebue  Sound,  lat.  07',  in  great  quantities.  .  .  .  The 
herring,  besides  its  own  intrinsic  value,  has  an  important  bear- 
ing on  the  question  of  the  cod-fisheries,  in  supplying  bait,  which 
is  now  carried  from  San  Francisco  for  that  purpose  at  large  pri- 
ces." —  Davidson. 

Fur-bearing  animals  have,  from  time  iinmemorial,  rosoited  to 
the  shores  of  Alaska.  Cook  and  other  early  explorers  describe 
those  animals  in  detail ;  they  still  bask  on  that  coast  in  millions, 
and  yield  rich  oil,  ivory  and  peltry,  and  the  fur  of  the  sea  otter 
is  held  in  high  estimation.  The  otter  has  been  hunted  with 
much  ardor  by  the  skilful  Aleuts ;  the  extermination  of  this  ani- 
mal in  those  waters  is  a  mere  question  of  time.  ••  Of  the  num- 
ber and  diflcrent  varieties  of  skins  obtained  from  the  Indians  by 
the  Russian-American  Company,  it  is  impossible  to  form  an 
opinion,  as  the  very  existence  of  their  trade  depended  upon  the 
secrecy  with  which  it  was  conducted.  That  the  company  has 
been  able  to  maintain  a  large  establishment  in  persons  and  ma- 
terial is  strong  circumstantial  proof  of  the  value  of  the  trade. 
.  .  .  The  immediate  traftic  of  the  company  has  given  trade 
to  not  loss  than  10.000  Russians.  Aleuts  and  Esquimaux,  be- 


;l(i 


0 

> 


I; 


-.idc's  :>Si)U  Koloschiitiis.  Avli.t  net  ns  iiilci-iiinli'iN  witli  the  inmu- 
rolls  liidiinis  of  lln'  iiilcrior.  Tlu'  Cdiiipimy  li:i<  iiimicnnw 
Nliiliuiis  or  iMitoiifs  tlnoiiLilioiit  till'  li'iiulli  d'  tlir  (■•ijist  .•nid 
jinidiij;  till'  Alciitiiiii  islands,  iniuiitaiiiiiiij,'  iicnrly  lHHit  iiciplc 
K'liiilarlv,  twi)  line  stcimuTs  :iiid  scvcnd  siniillcr  ones,  ciolil 
I  :ir(|i'iis.  in-h':-.  »'ti'..  and  ininicrons  honls.  'I'lic  vidnc  of  tlu' I'nis 
\WA\  he  t'stinialcd  \inv\\  at  not  less  tlian  .'^l.dlHl.dOd  in  i>(.ld.  as 
till'  coniiiany  insincs  their  n'junlar  sliipnicnts  I'or  ^CpOO.IMhi.  1'.\ 
liii"  time  tlicsc  I'nrs  rcacii  onrinarkcls  they  arc  (lonhlcd  in  value.'" 
—  Davidson. 

In  onrri'marUs  on  tlic  hrancli  of  tlu'.laiia-.estM-nrrcnt  washinj;' 
tlif  islands  of  St.  l-awrcncf.  (in  anotlicr  jiortion  of  tins  work), 
we  should  have  also  slated  thai  hy  this  strong-  tide,  aetinii'  •'"U- 
Jointly  with  the  westerly  winds  in  the  spiin^-  months.  Idowin^- 
from  the  Asiatie  coast,  lai'u'c  ticlds  of  ice  a.re  crowded  into  the 
sonmls,  I)ays  and  coves  indent inji'  the  shores  of  western  Alaska 
n\ar<>inin<i-  IJehriuLf  sea,  ami  are  held  there  for  months  l»y  the 
action  of  winds  and  eildy  currents.  -  Ihit  the  whole  of  the 
waters  of  the  Kamschatka  curronl  do  not  pass  thronuh  llehrinii,' 
Strait.  Strikinjv  against  the  soutii  shore  of  the  larii*'  island  of 
St.  I.uwrence.  jtart  of  the  waters  are  deflected  to  the  eastward, 
southward,  and  llnally  westward  of  south,  castinjj;  their  floating- 
wood  on  the  American  coast  and  the  north  shores  of  the  Aleu- 
tian islands."  —  Davidson. 

On  those  iei'  fields  the  hair  seals  oongTogato  annually  in  mil- 
lions. They  are  larsje  and  very  fat.  yieldinj;-  rich  clear  oil  and 
valnalilo  .skins.  This  industry  invites  dcvolopmont  and  otters 
sure  reward  to  hardy  seamen  of  nervo  .nnd  capital.  The  seal 
fisheries  have  lieon  ])rofital»ly  prosecuted  for  centuries  alon<>;  the 
coasts  of  northern  Europe.  The  Danes  have  realized  innnense 
revenues  from  this  branch  of  industry  around  the  shores  of  lee- 
land  and  Cireenland.  The  expert  fishermen  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  ?s'ewfounilland  luue  reaped  trolden  harvests  from  the  seal 
fishing  ;  in  the  recent  spriiio'  months  an  extraordinary  nnmher 
were  taken.  The  income  Iroin  the  seal  fishery  amounted  toovi-r 
B-i.noO.OOO  in  coin.  Taking  into  consideration  the  temperate 
climate  in  the  15ohrin<>;  sea.  the  honndless  seal  fields,  the  absence 
of  icebergs,  the  smooth  water,  and  the  certainty  of  success, 
may  we  i:ot  look  for  great  develoinnent  in  this  iuviling  industry? 

Fur  Seals,  i^o  relentlessly  hunted  in  other  climes,  have  for 
years   resorted  to  the  islands  of  St.   Paul   and  St.  (ieorge  in 


witli  llic  iniiiK- 
li;i<  inmicioiw 
■  till'  const  mill 
ly  KlIK)  pciplc 
llcr  »)ii»'s.  ci^lit 
iilllU'  of  tlu't'llls 
(100  ill  li'olil.  !is 
jtcoo.ooo.     l'..\ 

ulilcil  ill  \;ilui'." 

iMirront  wiisiiiiij;- 
of  tliis  wnik). 
idc.  actinii'  I'oii- 
iioiitlis.  Idowiiin- 
owiU'il  into  the 
wcstciii  Al:isU:i 
!•  iiioiitlis  liy  the 
('  wlioli'  of  tiio 
liroiitili  l»i'linn;j!,' 
liii'^v  isliiud  of 
)  tlic  rastwiinl. 
ijr  their  float iii.u; 

[}H   of  tlu!    AU'll- 

iimially  in  luil- 
h  cloar  oil  ami 
nont  and  otiors 
lital.  Tho  seal 
tnrios  aloii<>;  the 
■alizod  iinniPnsc 
I'  slioivs  of  Icc- 
lio  eastern  coast 
i  from  the  seal 
)nlinary  inniilier 
niounteil  to  over 
1  the  leniiierate 
^Ids.  the  absence 
nty  of  snoeess. 
viling  industry? 
•limes,  have  for 
1  St.  (icorue  in 


IJi'liriiii;  sr;i.  Washiiiuloii  li'viiiLi  has  ^iu'ii  lhi>  aiiinial  liisloiic 
lenown.  lie  say-:  "The  IJeaver  sailed  from  Astoria  on  tiie 
lourtii  ol' Au^iiist,  \Kl-2,  niider  the  manajienienl  of  ]SIr.  Ilnni. 
till-  local  a^cnt  of  the  Air  coiiii)any.  He  arrived  at  Sitka  on  the 
nineteenth  of  the  siimc  month.  Count  IJaranotf,  (Jovcnior  of 
the  Kiissian  Kiir  Company,  purchased  the  cari;o,  for  wliicli  iu' 
jiave  Mr.  limit  an  order  for  a  cargo  of  fiir  seal-skins,  to  he  oii- 
tained  from  the  factors  of  the  company  on  SI.  Paul's  island,  in 
lat.  57"  nortli.  lonu'.  170'  west ;  this  and  the  lu'i.uiilioriiijj,-  island 
of  St.  (ieorii'e  aic  covered  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year  with 
millions  of  seals  ;  the  Kiissians  kill  the  .young  from  se\en  to  ten 
iiioiitlis  old,  which  they  drive  inland  and  shuighter  an  many  a:-, 
are  ri'ijuired  to  meet  the  ilemand.  Rlr.  Ilnnt  appears  to  have 
been  sulijected  to  iiiiich  delay  by  the  governor,  but  linally  arrived 
at  the  islands  in  November,  obtained  a  full  cargo  :iiid  .-jailed  on 
the  twentieth  of  the  same  month." 

This  statement  jjroves  two  important  facts  germaiii  to  our 
subject,  first —  the  moderation  of  the  climate  on  the  parallel  of 
.")7°,  ill  the  Bchring  sea,  which  enabled  a  large,  s(|nare-rigged 
vessel  to  take  a  cargo  of  skins  from  an  exposed  isl.and  in  the 
month  of  November;  secondly — the  abundance  of  seals  in 
those  rookeries  sixty  years  ago.  The  Russian  Companj-  have 
tenderly  nurtured  the  seals  visiting  those  islands,  and  prevented 
the  indiscriminate  slangliter  oftho.se  animals.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  a  Inimane  policy  may  now  be  followed  by  onr  government 
in  dealing  with  fur-seals. 

In  the  autumn  of  1861),  Maj.  Gen.  Thomas,  commanding  the 
I'aeihe  division  of  the  army,  made  an  ollicial  tour  to  Alaska  ; 
he  Aisited  the  rookeries  on  St.  Paul  and  St.  (Jcorgc,  and  de- 
\otcd  several  days  in  observing  the  habits  of  those  animals. 
In  his  report  he  gives  a  graphic  aceonnt  of  the  seals,  their  num- 
ber and  eeonomy  ;  he  also  suggests  certain  measures  for  the  pro- 
leclion  and  preservation  of  those  creatures.  He  says:  "On 
St.  Paul  and  St.  George  only  are  the  fur-bearing  .-eals  found 
and  killed  for  their  furs  and  oil.  As  described  liy  the  natives, 
the  habitb  of  those  animals  are  very  peculiar.  Aliout  the  last 
of  April  or  the  llr.st  of  May,  the  old  male  seals  arrive  at  the 
islands  and  go  on  shore  at  the  places  regularly  l'ie(|iiented  liy 
ther J,  called  rookeries;  they  make  a  thorough  examination  of 
the  ground,  which  occupies  soim;  days;  soon  U\r  great  ht<i]y 
be^iiii  to  arri\i',  and  in  a  sl:(;it  time  all  !!a\c  conic  ujion  :3hurc 


\ 


I 


i 


I 


and  aiu  cullfcletl  togother  \n  oounnuiiilies  or  liiiuilies,  each 
fiiniily  being  governed  by  one  of  the  old  seals  whopossossca  siif- 
li(;ienl  power  to  maintain  his  gronnd  and  guard  them ;  tlio  young 
males  and  superannuated  old  ones  are  forced  to  take  their  i)laeeH 
outside  of  the  arena  occupied  by  the  families,  and  if  they  at- 
tempt to  interfere  with  the  domestic  arrangements  described, 
thoy  are  summarily  ^Iriven  olf  by  the  heads  of  families.    In 
these  troubles  many  terrible  aflrays  occur.    This  arrangement 
of  the  animals  on  and  around  the  rookeries  makes  it  very  simple 
and  easy  for  the  native  hunters  to  place  themselves  between  the 
families  and  the  young  nmles,  from  whom  only  the  skins  are 
taken.     Parties  of  forty  or  fifty,  armed  with  clubs,  go  out  to  kill 
the  seals  ;  they  get  between  the  families  and  young  males,  ond 
drive  them  inland  some  two  or  three  miles,  letting  all  not  wanted 
for  slaughter  drop  out  by  the  way ;  these  return  to  the  rook- 
cries.     After  getting  only  as  many  us  they  can  skin  and  salt  in 
one  day,  to  the  proper  places,  they  arc  killed  by  striking  them 
on  the  nose  with  clubs.    The  next  day  is  devoted  to  packing  for 
shipment.     By  this  means  the  families  are  not  disturbed  and 
remain  to  breed  and  rear  their  young.    As  far  as  I  can  judge 
the  business  of  the  old  males  is  to  compel  the  females  to  take 
care  of  their  young  until  they  have  grown  sufficient  to  take  care 
of  themselves  ;  tlu-y  then  appear  to  give  up  all  control  over  the 
families,  who  are  permitted  to  leave  their  young  and  go  in  the 
water,  the  old  males  still  guarding  and  overlooking  the  young. 
In  September  all  arc  i»crmitted  to  enjoy  the  water,  where  they 
swim  and  sport  during  the  day,  coming  on  shore  in  the  evening 
to  rest  during  the  night.    At  this  period  all  move  further  inland 
and  mingle  together  indiscriminately.     If  the  autumn  continues 
mild  tliey  remain  on  the  island  till  the  latter  part  of  October, 
when  they  disappear  very  suddenly  within  a  day  or  two,  .and 
have  been  seen  going  through  the  passes  between  the  Aleutian 
islands,  traveling  in  a   southerly  direction.     Nothing  more  is 
seen  of  them  until  next  spring,  neither  is  it  known  where  they 
pass  the  winter.     The  number  of  seals  on  the  island,  after  the 
young  are  born,  is  estimated  all  the  way  from./Ji'C  to  fifteen  mil- 
'lions';  hut  they  are  countless,  lying  in  the  ruokeries,  covering  hun- 
dreds of  acres,  like  sheep  in  a  jien.     The  habits  of  these  animals 
are  such  that,  if  permitted  to  be  hunted  by  CAorybody  at  ran- 
dom, they  would  very  soon  be  driven  from  the   islands.     This 
has  bucn  proved  by  the  Kussiuns,  who  totally  destroyed  some 


I   ^. 


ii-  I'liiuilies,  each 
ho  possesses  siif- 
tliem ;  tlio  young 
1  take  their  i)laoeH 
,  and  if  they  at- 
ments  (lescriV)eil, 
of  families.  In 
'his  arrangement 
kes  it  very  simple 
Ivcs  between  the 
ily  tiie  skins  are 
lbs,  go  ont  to  kill 
■oung  males,  and 
ng  nil  not  wanted 
turn  to  the  rook- 

I  skin  anu  salt  in 
by  striking  them 
ted  to  packing  for 
ot  disturbed  and 
ir  as  I  can  .judge 
5  females  to  take 
icient  to  take  care 

II  control  over  the 
iig  and  go  in  the 
oking  the  young, 
water,  where  they 
)re  in  the  evening 
lOve  further  inland 
autumn  continues 
?  part  of  October, 
I  day  or  two,  and 
veen  the  Aleutian 

Nothing  more  is 
known  where  thoy 
e  island,  after  the 
five  to  fifteen  mil- 
ries,  covering  hun- 
ts of  these  animals 
everybody  at  rnn- 
Lhe  islands.  This 
ly  destroyed  sonic 


rookeries  before  liu-y  learned  by  experience  lu  tieal,  iheni.  li 
is  ilesirablc  to  protect  and  perpetuate  tiie  fiu'-bearin;.;  seal,  and 
one  of  two  plans  should  l)e  adopted  :  One  is  to  eonlino  the  kill- 
ing to  the  natives,  peiinitting  none  others  but  the  autiiorized 
agents  of  the  government  to  land  on  the  islands ;  and  permit 
traders  to  visit  them  to  purchase  only  after  the  skins  liave  l)Cen 
prei)ared  and  the  seals  have  left  for  the  soutii.  Tliis  eourse 
would  necessitate  the  stationing  of  an  agent  on  each  of  those 
islands  to  guard  the  interests  of  the  government,  and  prevent 
tin,'  demoralization  of  the  natives  from  sueii  unscrui)ulous  tra- 
ders as  would  not  hesitate  to  fiu'uisli  them  wilii  li([Uor  for  the 
piu'ijose  of  cheating  them."  —  Report  of  Sec.  oj  War,  18G!)-70. 
Itart  l,j>.  118. 

The  value  of  fur  seal  skins  depends  nuu'h  on  age  and  con- 
tlition.  In  London  the  young  pups,  (under  six  months),  realize 
about  7s.  (jd. ;  those  over  that  ago  sell  for  20s. ;  they  average 
nearly  12s.  Gd.  sterling.  IJasing  our  figures  on  the  judgment  of 
C4cn.  Thomas,  which  arc  allirmed  by  other  authorities,  we  arrive 
at  tlic  conclusion  that  ihe  seal  fur  rookeries  on  St.  Paul  and 
St.  George  are  richly  worth  820,000,000.  Those  valuable  nurs- 
eries of  commerce  were  purchased  of  Kussia  and  ])aid  for  by  the 
l)eople's  money  out  of  the  Federal  treasurj-,  and  tlius  have  be- 
come the  common  property  of  tiie  nation.  Those  of  our  people 
engaged  in  commercial  pursuits  on  tlio  coast  of  Alaska,  were 
willing  to  preserve  those  seal  rookeries  to  the  government  in  the 
terms  of  the  Indian  Intercourse  Law,  and  cverj-^  fisherman  would 
have  gladly  supported  this  just  policy.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce of  San  Francisco  —  the  watchful  guardian  of  our  Pacific 
intercourse,  concurred  in  this  policy  and  represented  the  facts 
to  our  national  Congress  at  Washington  ;  yet,  in  the  face  of  all 
our  appeals,  the  "assembled  wisdom"  of  our  country  have 
bartered  away  those  islands  for  a  mere  mess  of  pottage ;  Con- 
gress has  leased  the  seal  rookeries  of  Ht.  Paul  and  St.  George 
for  a  term  of  twenty  j'cars,  to  a  monopoly  of  merchants,  receiv- 
ing in  comiiensation  an  annual  sum  much  less  than  it  costs  our 
government  to  protect  tiiose  islands  to  the  "  favored  few." 

This  law,  passed  in  tlie  spring  of  1870,  is  as  follows : 

AN  ACT  TOrUKVRNT  TIIE  EXTERMINATION  OF  riTU-nEAniXG 
ANIMALS  IN  ALASKA. 

Be  U  civictfil  li'i  the  Semite  luxl  Huuxi'  nf  Iti'iiresevtallrex  nf  the  VoilKl 
Slates  of  AiHcrieu  in  Conijress  aimeiubled,  That  it  shall  bo  unlawful  to  kill 


f 


1^' 


;;  I 

,nN  ru.-M«l  upon  llu.  isla.ul-s  ol'  Sulnl  I'uulS  .mil  Saiut  lifOi«c,  or  In  tUt 

,,,nlu.r  and  ()ct..l,.r,  In  cadi  year;  an.l  it  shall  Ik-  unlawful  to  kll  >ud, 
s.als  at  anv  time  l.y  llu^  use  of  llr.-arn.s,  .„•  ».sr  o,hn-  m.-n-.N  tn.hu,,  ^, 

i;     .  „„.  L v,,/n.,.  .-/.'  -V"m/.^.-     /V-.vW./.  That  .hona-neso. 

M.1.1  islands  shall  havo  the  i.rlMle^r  of  killing  Hueh  yonn^  seals  as  nn.y 
,e,  rod  for  their  own  nse,  which  killing  Bi.all  he  Ihulted  ami  con- 
!;ollei  l,v  sueh  regulations  as  shall  he  prescrlhed  l.y  th.-  Sec.etary  ol 

'"sr""""  h.'/  '■'  >l  f"r<l>"- /.-',  TluU  i.  ^l..ill  '•-  »"1='« »^.l  to  kill  any 

f.male  s.-al,'  or  any  s."m1  h-ss  than  on.-  yo:.r  ol.l,  at  any  se;,son  of  th.-  year 
•xTi  as  ahov.-  provhle.l ,  an.l  it  shall  also  l.e  nnlawn.l  to  k,  1  any  s... 
,Hh  -  waters  a.laeen.  to  saM  Islan.ls.  or  on  the  h.-aehes,  .-l.tls.  .,r  rock 
,     .  „u.v  haul  np  .Von.  th.-  s.a  to  rcn.ai...  an.l  any  persou  who  si.    1 
violate  either  of  the  pn.visions  of  this,  or  the  tlrst  section  o    this  act 
h  ,    ...  p.n.islK-.l  on  conMction  thereof,  loreaeh  o.f.-nee,  by  a  .In.-  o   no 
,..s  than  two  innulrea  .lollars  nor  more  than  one  th,.usana  doUasm 
V  inprlsonment   no,   .-xceedin«  six  months,  or  hy  such   .Inc  and  in,- 
i       m  ,.   .  o.h.  at  the  discn-tion  of  th.-  court  havin,.  .iurisclction  and 
taki  r  oRni/.ance  of  the  offence ;  and  all  v.ssel.,  their  tackle  apparel 
ml  furniture,  whose  crew  sladl  he  found  engaged  it.  the  violation  of 
;;;;  o"...'  provisions  of  .Ui.  ad  shall  he  forfeited  to  the  United  State. 
S,.v  S.    And  he  it  fuMn-  c,,,rtr,l,  That  for  the  period  of  Knuty  years 
.vo.n  .,nd  alter  the  j.nssage  of  this  act  the  number  of  ft.r-scals  which 
;        1       i. U^fJ  their  skhis  upon  the  Islaml  of  Saint  George,  Is  berel.y 
'ited  <.nd  restricted  to  twenty-live  thousaml  per  annnnu     Pron.W 
'-tt  1,    secretary  of  the  Treasury  ,..,/  restrict  and    Imlt  .  .o  right  of 
,      „..  If  it  shall  become  necessary  for  the  preservation  oi  such  seals, 
su,  proportionate  reduction  of  the  rents  reserved  to  he  govcni- 
n^ta   s  allle  right  an.l  proper,  and  if  any  person  shall  knowing^ 
iokt'  either  of  th^  provisions  of  this  section  he  shall,  upon  duo  con- 
ieOon   hc-rcf,  b.-  punished  in  the  same  way  as  is  provided  herein  for 
a  vlobtlo;  of  the  provisions  of  the  «rst  and  second  sections  of  this  act. 
SK."  4      AW  hr  it  further  emru.l,  That  Immediately  after  the  passage 
of  thi"s  act  the  secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  lease  /;';;''';';?;';;;- 
Unncd  i»  xrctio>,  si.r  of  this  art,  to  proper  and  ''^''''''''^  '''''[''     '^^^'t 
best  advantage  of  th.  United  States,  h.rin,  due  re,,nrd  to  the  "^-r .,    .^ 
U.  ,oamuJ,,  t'h.  .dive  iul,a>,itnnts,  the  parties  '--''^''-y'llZ' t^ 
trade,  owl  the  protection  of  the  seal  >/<.r,V.s,  for  a  tern,  of  I   ent;,    ea  s 
f  ,m  tie    Irs    dnv  of  ?Ia>,,  ei,,hteeH  hundred  aud  sn-r„t,i,  the  right  to 
f  "  ge    ,      e  b'Sness  .,f  tiddng  fur-seals  on  the  '^'«"^«  f  f  f  .^J"  ^ 
d  Splint  (ieorge.  and  t..  send  a  vessel  or  vessels  to  said  slaiids  .or  tl  e 
in  such  ^eals,  giving  t..  the  lessees  of  ...VMslands  a  lease  ouly 

,.;..  „t..d,  in  duplicate,  not  transferable,  and  taking  from  the  lessee  o 
.^lo    s.i,  Un..U  a  bond,  with  snniclent  sureties   In  a  ->"  of  - 
h.s  than   .,•-•.  hundred  thousand  .lollars.  conditional   lor  the   fa  th  nl 
observance  of  all  the  laws  and  re.,uireinents  of  ^»'i;'''^^'^^!'^ 
regulations  of  th.  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  sUall  have  due  legaid  t. 


:W) 


kt  litoijt*-',  •"Ti"'!''- 
)l  Jiiiu',  July,  Si'p- 
linvfiil  to  kill  MK'li 

»•  liliinix   tl  UllilliJ    In 

riiiit  the  im'i^i"  of 
ouiiK  si'itls  as  limy 
i-  liinlti.l  ami  coii- 
>y  the  Si'CU'tiiry  til' 

unlawful  to  kill  any 
soiisou  of  tlicytnr, 
■fill  Id  kill  any  seal 
■\w^,  clilVs,  or  rocks 
y  lU'i'soii  who  shall 
Hi'Ctloii  of  this  act, 
nee,  by  a  lluf  ol  not 
iliousuiul  dollars,  or 

•  such  lliii'  niitl  ill'- 
na  juriscUction  ami 
licir  tncklc,  apparel, 

in  the  violation  of 

0  the  United  States. 
:iod  of  ti'H'iity  years 

•  of  fur-seals  which 
It  George,  is  hereby 

•  aiinuin :  Prodded, 
d  llintt  t  .0  right  of 
atlon  Ol'  such  seals, 
;rved  to  the  goveru- 
sou  shall  knowingly 
shall,  upon  duo  con- 
provided  herein  for 

1  sections  of  this  act. 
ely  after  the  passage 
;e  /"(•  thr  rental  inen- 
iiiKihle  parUeii  to  the 
((•(/  In  the  interest)!  <if 
■etdj'ore  euinujed  in  the 
crni  of  lii-en/ij  years 
serentii,  tlie  right  to 
■(huids  of  Saint  Paul's 
n  said  islands  for  the 
,1  islands  a  lease  duly 
r  from  the  lossfc  or 
ies.  in  a  sum  of  not 
[)nal  for  the  faithful 
;:oiigH'Ss  and  of  the 
1  Ua\c  due  regard  tt- 


iho  preservfttioii  ol  tile  rieal-Air  trade  of  said  islands  and  the  ei,„ij\,ri, 
miiintenoner,  and  editentiun  of  the  natives  thereof.  The  said  li'Ssi'i'S  .shall 
I'liniisli  10  the  scviTal  masters  of  \csscls  t'lnploytd  by  them  ccrlllled 
(■i>|)iis  of  tlu'Mi'asi'  hiUI  by  them  luspiclivfly,  whieli  sliuU  be  piisiiitfd 
to  the  governmeul  re' enue  olllecr  for  the  time  b.iii!;  who  may  bi- in 
iharge  at  the  .said  islands,  as  the  uuthorily  of  the  party  for  lauding  and 
taking  skins. 

Skc.  o.  .'.<ii!  '"•  il  further  imirtiil,  That  at  the  cxpiralioM  of  >.alcl  Iciiii 
of  lifentu  years,  or  on  surrender  or  forfeiture  of  any  lease,  other  Icisos 
may  be  made  In  manner  as  aforesaid  for  other  terms  of  tirmtn  xcars; 
but  no  persons  other  than  .Vnierlcaii  eltl/.eiiH  shall  be  pcrmitti'il,  by 
lease  or  otherwise,  to  occupy  .said  Islands,  or  eillier  of  them,  for  the 
puriioso  of  taking  the  skins  of  fur-seals  therefrom,  uor  shall  any  forei«ii 
vessel  be  engaged  in  taking  such  skins;  and  the  Secretary  of  the  T'reas- 
ury  shall  vacate  and  declare  any  lease  forfeited  if  the  same  be  held  or 
operated  for  the  use,  benetlt,  or  advantage,  directly  or  iiulirectly,  of  any 
|)eraou  or  persons,  other  than  American  eltizeus.  Kvery  lease  shall 
contain  a  covenant  on  the  i)art  of  the  lessee  that  he  w ill  not  keep,  sill, 
furuish,  give,  or  dispose  of  any  distilled  spirits  or  si)lritHous  Ihpiors  on 
either  of  said  islands  to  any  of  the  natives  thereof,  such  person  not 
being  a  i)hy.sician  and  furnishing  the  same  for  use  as  medicine ;  and  any 
person  who  shall  kill  any  fUr-seal  on  either  of  said  islands  or  in  the 
waters  adjacent  tliereto,  (excepting  natives,  as  provided  by  lliis  act.) 
without  authority  of  the  'essees  thereof,  and  any  person  who  shall 
molest,  disturb,  or  interfere  with  said  lessees,  or  eSlher  of  them,  or 
their  agents  or  employees  in  the  lawful  prosecution  of  their  business, 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  sliall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misde- 
meanor, and  shall  for  each  otfence,  on  conviction  thereof,  be  punished 
In  the  jiame  way  «ind  by  like  penalties  as  prescribed  In  the  second  section 
of  this  act;  aiid  all  vessels,  their  tackle,  apparel,  apinirteuances,  and 
cargo,  wliosc  crews  shall  be  found  engaged  in  any  violation  of  cither 
of  the  provisions  of  this  section,  sliall  be  forfeited  to  the  United  States; 
and  if  any  person  or  company,  under  any  lease  herein  authorized,  shall 
knowingly  kill,  or  permit  to  be  killed,  any  number  of  seals  exceeding 
the  number  for  each  island  in  tliis  act  prescribed,  such  person  or 
company  shall,  in  addition  to  the  penalties  and  forfeitures  aforesaid, 
also  forfeit  the  whole  number  of  the  skins  of  the  seals  killed  in  that 
year,  or,  in  case  the  same  have  been  disi)Osed  of,  then  said  person  or 
comijany  shall  forfeit  tlie  value  of  the  same.  And  it  shall  be  tiie  duty 
of  any  revenue  otllcer,  oftlcially  acting  as  such  on  either  of  the  said 
Islands,  to  seize  and  destroy  any  distilled  spirits  or  spirituous  liciuors 
found  thereon :  Provided,  That  such  officer  shall  make  detailed  report 
of  his  doings  to  the  collector  of  the  port. 

Sec.  6.  And  he  it  further  enucted.  That  the  ininiml  rent'd  tn  he  reserved 
hi/  said  lease  shall  he  nut  less  than  fifty  thmtsund  dollars  jier  annunt,  l<>  hi 
speurp.d  hij  deposit  of  United  States  bonds  to  that  amount,  and  in  addition 
hereto  a  revenue  tax  or  duty  of  tieo  dollars  is  hereby  laid  upon  each  fur- 
seal  skin  taken  and  shipped  from  said  islands,  diirimj  the  eoiiliniianri  if 


t 


i^ 


f 


mirh  IxiKi,  to  lif  piilil  liil"  the  trcilNury  "I  Hif  I'lilti'il  Stiitfs;  and  tlic 
SccTC'tnry  oJ"  the  'rri'ii^.ury  1-t  licnliy  cniiH'wnci)  iiml  mitliKil/cd  lonrnkt- 
nil  nifilfiil  riilc>i  and  riKUliitioiiH  for  the  collii'tioii  and  |)iiyim'iit  of  llu' 
siinic,  for  the  fonilorl.  iiitiiulvnnnvi',  nhimtimi,  and  prottfllon  ol  llif 
natlvf.>4  of  Mild  island'-,  and  also  for  carrylnK  into  full  circi't  nil  Ilif  pio- 
vlnlonMol  tills  ai'l  :  /VmiiVi -'/inV/c /■, 'I'liat  lliu  Si'tMVliiry  of  the  'I'lcas- 
nry  nniy  li'iiniiwitc  any  li'usc  glvfii  to  nny  pursoii,  foinpaiiy,  or  corpo- 
ration on  full  and  satisfactory  proof  of  tlic  violation  of  any  of  the  pro- 
visions of  tills  act  or  the  lulcs  ami  niinlatlons  istalilMicd  hy  liiiii : 
Pr(,vlilnlfiirllii>;tli<Uthr,SirMiinj  iif  Ihr  Tmtnurij  is  lunl-n  onihi„-;r.i,l 
lit  ihlh-ir  to  till'  iiii-iiirii  tlii-J'iir-ni'dl  nkinn  »(oio  o/oni'  I'li  Hi'  l.il'tiiiln,  mi  Ihr 
liiit/iiK'ii/  I'J'  "III'  iliilliir  fi,r  inch  «■/  miltl  fk'iu*  tnkin  mni  .»///>;"''  mniii  l>i 
mild  uii'ii'i's. 

Hvr.  7.  Anil  In-  it  fiirllur  iiKH-tiil,  Thai  tine  provisions  of  the  sfvcnth 
and  I'lKhth  Hectlons  of  "  An  net  to  extend  the  laws  of  the  Inited  States 
relating  to  enstonif,  coniuierce,  and  niivigutlon  over  the  territory  ceded 
to  I'nited  States  by  Russia,  to  establish  a  collection  district  therein,  and 
for  other  purposes,"  approved  .Inly  twenty-seven,  eighteen  hnndrcd 
and  «lx1y-elght.  shall  be  deemed  to  Mp|)ly  to  this  act;  and  all  prosieu- 
tlons  for  otlences  coniniiltcd  against  the  provlshjns  of  this  act,  niiU  all 
other  proceedings  had  because  of  the  violations  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  and  whlcli  are  authorized  by  said  act  above  mentioned,  Hhall  be  In 
accordance  with  tlie  provisions  thereof;  and  all  acts  and  l)arts  of  acts 
inconsistent  with  tlie  provisions  of  this  act  are  hereliy  repealed. 

Sw.  8.  Aiiit  hi-  it  fitrtliir  (imrtiil,  That  the  Congress  may  at  any  time 
hereafter  alter,  amend,  or  rejieal  tills  act. 

This  bill  of  pains  luul  penalties,  so  kiosc  in  the  letter,  and  so 
striiigonl  ill  its  spirit,  proiiiiuts  the  killinjj,-  ol"  seals  even  in  Iho 
adjnrciit  ^nitpr.'^,  or  on  the  vlijys  or  rod's  irhere  the;/  land  np  from 
llir  sea  to  remain.  This  law  has  already  l)eeonu'  an  enj^iiu!  ol" 
iiiiR'li  annovaiice  to  (Uir  citizens  ainiind  Alaska.  The  Seoii'tavy 
of  the  Treasury  has  construed  it  in  siicii  a  spirit  as  to  exclude 
all  Aniorieaii  lishonncn  from  the  seal  lishcrics  in  the  North  I'a- 
eilic  Ocean,  Instructions,  carryinjf  out  these  restrictions,  have 
been  issued  to  all  the  revenue  ollicers  on  tlie  north-west  coast; 
we  append  the  otiicial  Ukaw  of  the  Collector  of  San  Francisco, 
and  hnnihly  invito  the  careful  attention  of  our  readers  to  this 

Cf"'d:  ^  ..  . 

Ci'STOM  IIoi'si:,  San  FitANCisto,  (. ai.iiounia,  ) 
Collector's  Ollice,  September  28,  1870.  i 

NoriCK.  —  In  compliance  with  an  order  of  the  Hon.  Secretary  of  the 
Tieasury,  notice  Is  hereby  given  that  a  lease  of  tlie  Islands  of  St.  Paul 
ami  St.Vieorge,  ".n  the  Territory  of  Aln.ska,  has  been  executed  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  the  Alaska  Commercial  Company,  for  the 
period  of  twenty  years,  from  the  1st  day  of  May,  1870,  in  accordance 
with  the  provi  •Ions  of  an  Act  of  Congress,  entitled  "  An  Act  to  I'lvvcnt 


;j7 


ti'd  StiitcN ;  aiiU  tlic 
iiiitlii)i'l/('«l  toiimki' 
iii>l  piiyiiiciit  of  the 
I  iirotci'tloii  cil  t lu- 
ll cmct  nil  tlir  pi(t- 
iliiry  of  the  'rrt';i>(. 
coniiniiiy,  or  cui'ixi- 

I  of  any  <>r  flic  pio- 
i'.stul)ll'<lic(l  liy  liliii : 
M  hiril'ij  iintliui'i::ii< 

II  lli<-  l.iliiiiilx,  on  till- 

Hill   !'hii>l»'ll    (ll'llll    III 

slons  of  the  Heveiitli 
)f  the  I'liltt'd  States 
r  the  territory  C(  (led 
tllstrlet  therein,  and 
1,  eighteen  hundred 
ctj  and  ail  prosceu- 
s  or  this  net,  and  ail 
lieprovlMlonsof  this 
/ntloned,  Hhall  he  In 
Is  and  parts  of  acts 
cl)y  repealed, 
ress  may  at  any  time 

1  tlie  li'tti'i',  niid  i-io 
seals  even  in  tlie 
the;/  lidul  "y>  froM 
eoinc  an  oiij^ine  of 
:!i.  The  Seori'tary 
)irit  aw  to  exeludc 
s  in  the  Nortii  I'a- 
i  restrictions,  have 
nortli-west  coast ; 
rol"  San  Francisco, 
:)iM'  readers  to  this 

SCO,    CALII'OUNIA,  ? 

iher  28,  1870.  ^ 

[Ion.  Secretary  of  the 
le  Islands  of  St.  I'aul 
l)een  exeeuled  by  tbe 
clal  Company,  for  the 
,-,  1870,  in  aceordauee 
'd  "  An  Art  to  Prevent 


Ihu  Rxtenidnntioii  of  Fur  hearing  AiHtnuU  In  Alaska,"  approved  July 
1st,  IH70,  and  that  hy  tlie  ternn  ol'  Ni-  Ul  lease,  iind  the  ahove  nitntioiied 
.\et,  the  .«aid  Company  iiave  the  ex  '  .slvc  ilKht  to  eni;ai;e  In  the  i)U.sl' 
lu'Nti  of  takini{  fur  Neais  on  xaid  Ulaudti  fffi(/  thi'  /kIhihIs  mljimnt  then  to. 
No  vessels  other  tiiit.i  those  l)e1on!!;lnK  to  said  Alaska  Comnierelal 
Conipany,  or  to  the  Inlted  States,  will  he  permitted  to  touch  or  land  iit 
either  of  siild  Islands,  or  the  l.<«landi  udjaeetit  thereto,  nor  >\  III  any 
person  he  allowed  thereon  e.xeept  the  authorized  agents  of  tlie  I'nited 
Slates,  and  of  said  Company. 

T.  (J.  rilKI-I'S,  Collector  of  Customs. 

Tiiis  villainous  law,  passed  ostensibly  tor  the  protection  of 
fnr  hearin^i  aninnils,  should  have  liecn  more  jnsily  entitled  :  ..In 
Act  to  Enaluve  the  People  nf  ^Uanka,  to  (Hmtrud  the  Finhcrles, 
mill  to  Cheek  the  JJevelojivwit  of  the  North-veHt  Coaat.  IJy  the 
terms  of  this  act  the  inhabitants  of  St.  Paul,  St.  (ioorpc  and 
the  adjacent  ialamh  arc  strictly  lealled  /»,  beino;  forbidden  any 
intorcoursc  with  "  the  rest  of  mankind  ;"  tlicy  are  forced  by 
nt'ccssity  to  sell  their  prodncts  to  the  company,  and  to  nceivo 
stich  considerations  in  retiu'n  as  this  sonlless  monopoly  m.'iy  see 
lit  to  give.  The  obstructions  which  the  fnr  company  has  in 
former  ycur.s  thrown  in  the  way  of  individiuil  trailers  and  fisher- 
men in  those  rcf^ions,  are  very  well  known.  The  snbsidi/cd 
federal  olllcers  in  the  interests  of  the  company,  have  given  much 
trouble  to  private  enterprises  ;  several  vessels  iiave  b'.'en  seized, 
on  very  lliinsy  pretexts,  and  sent  for  trial  to  San  rrancisco. 
In  every  instance  those  vos.scls  iiavc  been  liberated,  and  the 
masters  and  supercargoes  exonerated  by  the  courts.  Voyages 
have  thus  been  broken  up,  heavy  losses  have  fallen  tipon  linmltle 
adventurers,  failures  have  followed,  and  iieacefid  commerce  has 
been  seriously  obstructed.  Several  suits  for  heavy  damages 
iire  now  pending  in  the  courts  on  the  North  Pacillc  coast, 
against  the  revemie  ollicers  formerly  serving  on  the  coast  of 
Alaska. 

During  our  sojourn  in  Alaska  we  met  Gen.  J.  C.  Davis, 
Commander  of  the  Department  of  Alaska ;  in  him  we  found  a 
Innd,  christian  ofllcer,  free  from  sordid  motives,  and  strongly 
imbued  with  the  futtire  welfare  of  the  helpless  people  over  whom 
he  governed.  The  opinions  of  this  Inavc  oflicer  deserve 
respect.  We  submit  his  expressed  views  on  the  *•  Fnr-Seal 
Monopoly,"  and  the  influence  which  tliis  privileged  body  exerts 
over  the  helpless  people  dependent  upon  it.  He  says  :  "  Since 
the  declaration  of  Congress,  ,it  its  last  session,  of  ,St.  Paul  and 


A. 

s 

I 


M 


P 
f 


St.  (l.MMuc's  islands  as  special  rcsovvatlous  of  llu-  trovoniniout. 
tl.oy  liavc  l.ocn  under  tlic  control  of  ollioors  of  the  rcvt-imo  ser- 
vice', sent  tiicrc  fortho  purpose  of  executing  the  laws  pro) iil.it inj,' 
the  landing  at  or  killing  of  fur  seals  upon  them.     Duriiig  my 
..lllcial  visit  there  in  the  beginning  of  the  present  sunnner,  and 
whilst  engaged  in  investigating  the  affairs  of  the  r.atives,  as  well 
MS  the  manner  in  which  the  troops  had  performed  their  duties, 
1  k'ariied  that,  under  one  pretext  and  another,  privileged  parties 
liad  been  permitted  to  land  and  remain  on  those  reservations, 
and  had  beon  allowed  to  kill  the  animals  at  pleasure.     During 
l-ist  summer  at  least  S.^,00()  seals  were  killed  on  the  two  islands  ; 
probably  more  than  that  number.     The  pretexts  under  which 
this  was  authorized  was  that  of  enabling  the  natives  to  suosist 
themselves  without  expense  to  the  government.     In  an  economi  • 
cal  point  of  view  this  would  seem  quite  right,  but  the  facts  arc 
that  the  natives  are  cooped  upon  these  islands,  where  they  arc 
compelled  to  work  for  those  private  parties  or  starve  ;  in  other 
words  they  (ire  to-day  m  a  complete  state  of  slavery.    Competition 
in  trade  has  been  universally  established,  and  is  now  pretty  well 
understood  by  the  natives  and  traders  throughout  the  country  ; 
wherever  the  Ibrmer  can  paddle  his  canoe,  or  the  latter  penetrate 
witli  his  goods,  such  is  the  case.     These  isolated  islands  of  St. 
Paul  and  St.  George  in  Behring  sea,  the  richest  possessions  rn 
natural  loealth,  considering  their  small  area  on  the  continent,  form 
the  only  exceptions.     The   natives   are   peaceful,  honest,  and 
capable  of  transacting  ordinary  business  quite  well,  and  would 
doubtless  improve  themselves  if  they  had  a  fair  chance,  hut 
their  present  complete  enslavement  and  robbery  by  an  unscrxipulons 
ring  of  speculators,  loill  ever  prevent  such  lyrogr ess." —  liovovi  of 
I'.revet  Maj.  (ien.  Commanding  Department  of  Alaska,  to  Sec. 
of  War,  Aug.  20,  1870. 

If  the  visible  or  invisible  treasures  on  the  north-west  coast, 
or  in  the  waters  adjacent,  are  subject  to  the  caprice  of  Congress  ; 
the  acquisition  of  Alaska  is  of  little  value  to  our  people ;  if 
Cono-ress  can  thus  barter  the  rich  seal  rookeries  to  a  few  favo- 
rites" it  may,  with  an  equal  show  of  right,  trade  off  the  enormous 
rich  salmon  fisheries  in  those  waters ;  if  our  natior.al  represen- 
tatives in  Congress  assembled,  can,  in  any  way,  o  I'or  any  con- 
sideration, lease  any  branch  of  national  industry  in  or  around 
Alaska,  they  can  also  grant  away  Cassius'  ledge,  Jeffrey's  b.ank, 
the  shoals  of  (leoru-os.and  all  tlie  most  valuable  fishing  gror.nds 


o!) 


US  of  till'  novcniinont. 
ors  of  the  rcvniuo  Hcr- 
iiig  till'  l:nvw  pvohiliitiu*:; 
)ou  them.     Diiriii<;  my 
lie  present  summer,  ami 
•s  of  the  i-.ativos,  as  well 
perfbrmcil  their  duties, 
otlier,  privileged  parties 
II  0.1  those  reservatious, 
H  at  pleasure.     Durin.u; 
lied  ou  the  two  islands  ; 
3  pretexts  under  wliicli 
>•  the  natives  to  snosist 
nment.     Inaneconomi- 
right,  but  the  facts  are 
islands,  where  they  are 
ties  or  starve  ;  in  other 
/  slavery.    Competition 
1,  and  is  now  pretty  well 
hroughout  the  country ; 
)e,  or  the  latter  iienetiate 
e  isolated  islands  of  St. 
\he  richest  possessions  in 
'ea  on  the  continent.,  form 
3   peaceful,  honest,  and 
ss  quite  well,  and  would 
had   a   fair  chance,  hut 
hbery  by  an  unscnqmlons 
h  2)rogress."  —  Report  of 
ncnt  of  Alaska,  to  Sec. 

)n  the  north-west  coast, 
the  caprice  of  Congress  ; 
value  to  our  people ;  if 
rookeries  to  a  few  favo- 
ht,  trade  off  the  enormous 
if  our  natioj'.al  rcpresen- 

any  way,  o  I'or  any  con- 
il  industry  in  or  around 
us'  ledge,  Jeffrey's  hank, 

valuable  fishing  grounds 


oil  liie  New  Kiiglaiid  vuii^l.  The  I'otleu  moiiarehies  of  Kuioite. 
long  kept  logotlier  by  the  ••  cohesive  imwer  of  public  plunder," 
have,  by  the  iirestige  of  public  opinion,  been  forced  to  withhold 
special  privileges  from  any  special  class.  The  Hritish  I'arlia- 
ment,  half  a  centiuy  ago.  refused  to  renew  the  charter  of  llic 
wealthy  East  India  Company;"  a  few  years  ago  they  witliheld 
all  si)ecial  pri\  ileges  iVom  the  powerful  Hudson's  15ay  Company  ; 
no  class  legislation  has  passed  that  body  for  many  years.  The 
despotic  government  of  llussia  appears  to  have  caught  the  in- 
spiration of  oir  day  and  generation,  and  against  the  [lower  and 
blandishments  of  the  great  fur  company,  sold  out  Alaska,  root 
and  branch,  to  our  government.  The  Congress  of  the  riiited 
States,  like  the  IJourbons.  ••  never  learns  nor  forgets  ;"  it  is  high 
time  that  this  body  should  see  (he  handwriting  and  give  heed. 
It  is  to  be  hoi)ed  that  wiser  counsels  may  yet  prevail  and  that 
this  odious  law  may  be  rei)ealed  before  it  is  too  late  ;  ••  iitlier 
men  in  other  limes"  will  repair  the  damage;  in  the  meantime 
our  diminutive  Congressmen  may  learn  ••  that  there  is  a  greater 
power  behind  the  throne  than  the  llirone  itself."  Sincei'cly 
believing  that  the  "Fur  Franchise"  in  Alaska  is  obstructive  to 
the  developmeni:  of  the  vast  resources  latent  iu  those  regions. 
subersivc  of  the  best  interest  of  the  people  of  that  territory, 
and  embarrassing  to  the  traders  and  fishermen  in  and  around 
those  shores,  we  most  earnestly  ask  Congress  to  repeal  that 
odious  measure  and  let  "justice  be  done  though  the  heavens 
fall." 

Walrus  are  almndant  around  the  Dehring  Sea  ;  ihey  are  very 
large  and  fat,  yielding  considerable  oil  and  ivory.  AValrus  hides 
have,  of  late  years,  been  used  for  various  purposes  ;  it  makes 
good  belting  for  mills ;  when  properly  tanned  it  polishes  well, 
and  is  very  generally  used  inliurnishing  cutlery,  ivory  and  sundry 
hard  surfaces.  The  island  of  St.  Lawrence  affords  a  genial 
nursery  for  those  animals,  and  many  aie  slaughtered  annually  by 
the  whalemen.  This  business  offers  profitable  rewards  to  am- 
bitious young  men  of  nerve  and  money.  "  AValrus  ivory.  Coal 
harbor,  on  the  north  side  of  the  island  of  Unga,  has  been  flie 
point  for  receiving  the  tusks  obtained  from  the  walrus  islam N. 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Alaska  peninsula.  During  the  winter 
the  walrus  is  said  to  be  driven  by  great  bodies  of  ice  into  the 
bay,  thirty  miles  long  and  ten  miles  wide,  embracing  the  walrus 
islands.     Here  tl;e  natives  kill  Ihein,  secure  their  tusks  and  trade 


} 


Ill 

LliLiii  lu  iiii  fiiipluvfu  or  UiL'  Uiissiiiii-Ameiicaii  ConiiKiny  «l:i- 
tioiu'tl  ;vt  llic  stuiv-lious(i  in  IMoUier's  Buy,  at  the  mouth  oi"  ii 
small  stream  in  lat.  r)')°  .'».'»,  loii<j;.  l(iU=  il  ;  tlionco  tho  stock  is 
vM-vk'A  on  tiio  shoulders  of  tiio  natives,  or  on  (lo<?  sledf-es,  a'-ross 
the  peninsula  to  the  head  of  Portajje  15ay,  twelve  miles  tleei)  by 
lour  miles  wide,  lying  N.N.W.  and  S.S.H.  l»y  eompas-,.  and  di- 
rectly north  of  I'nga  island.     In  Portage  Bay  they  arc  met  h\ 
an(jt"her  body  of  natives  in  their  bydarkas  or  skin  canoes  from 
Coal  harbor,  whither  the  tusks  arc  transported.     In  some  seasons 
ten  tons  of  tlu>se  tusks  are  secured  by  the  Indians,  and  are 
valued  at  seventy  cents,  gold,  per  pound  at  Sitka.     Large  (luan- 
tities  of  tusks  are  obtained  by  trade  and  capture  by  the  Arctic 
whalers,  who  also  try  out  the  oil.     The  skin  of  the  walrus  is 
used  by  the  Aleuts  and  Estiuimanx  for  constructing  their  large 
traveling  boats,  called  biadars,  capable  of  carrying  ten  tons  of 
freight.     At  the  saw-mill  on  "Woody  island,  opposite  St.  Paul, 
tlie  ""walrus  hide  is  successfully  used   for  heavy  belting.     The 
.systematic  hunting  of  the  walrus,  prompted  by  the  better  prices 
tiuui  have  been  paid  by  the  barely  life  Bustaiuing  tarilf  of  the 
Uussian-American  Company,  will  develope  this  valuable  branch 
of  industry.     Arctic  whalers  just  from  those  waters,  assure  us 
that  the  number  of  these  animals  is  incalculable.     Near  Point 
Mulgrave,  in  the  Arctic,  Cook  found  them  in  great  numbers ; 
one  weighed  851  pounds,  and  they  are  generally  about  the  size 
of  an  ox.     Near  Cai)e  Lisl)nrn  the  number  of  walrus  is  almost 
iucre<lible ;    his   crew   liked   their  llesh   and  called  it  '  marine 
beef.' "  —  Ddchlson. 

Whales  are  regular  visitors  to  the  coast  of  Alaska;  the 
abundance  of  small  tish  and  other  whale  feed  in  those  waters 
attracts  the  huge  monsters  to  those  shores.  The  Gulf  of  Alaska, 
Bristol  Bay  and  the  Arctic  Ocean  are  familiar  cruising  groun<ls 
to  the  whalers.  The  great  bow-head,  rich  in  oil  and  bone,  preys 
constantly  on  the  iinny  tril)e.  'i'his  branch  of  (Ishing  has  been 
carried  on  for  years  in  those  regions  with  good  results,  and  may 
l)e  carried  on  proli(abl>-  from  Pnget  Sound,  which  offers  eveiy 
facility  for  "  plum  pudding,"  or  short  season  whaling.  "  The 
waters  surrounding  the  territory  of  Alaska  havi^  always  been 
celebrated  for  their  whale  fisheries,  and  the  Hussian-American 
Con\pany  formerly  paid  some  attention  to  this  branch  of  industry 
:ind  prolit,and  had  surveys  made  in  Cook's  Inlet  for  ascertaining 
Ihe  proper  anchorages  and  harbors  for  their  whalers  in  winter. 


f 


II 


•ic'iui  ConiiKiiiy  «l:i- 
!it  the  month  ol"  ;i 
tlionco  till!  stock  is 
1  (Iof5  sk'clji'cs,  a'Toss 
welvo  miles  tlei'i)  by 
by  t'ompasi.  mid  di- 
lay  thoy  arc  met  h\ 
or  skin  caiioos  from 
([.     In  some  seasons 
le  Indians,  and  are 
Sitka.     Larjje  (nuiii- 
iptnre  by  the  Aretie 
kin  of  the  walrus  is 
structing  their  large 
arrying  ten  tons  of 
I,  opposite  St.  I'aul, 
heavy  belting.     The 
I  by  the  better  prices 
staining  tarilf  of  tlie 
this  valuable  branch 
)se  waters,  assure  us 
L'ulable.     Near  Point 
1  in  great  munbers ; 
crally  about  the  size 
of  walrus  is  almost 
id  called  it  '  marine 

)ast  of  Alaska ;  the 
feed  in  those  wateis 

The  Gulf  of  Alaska, 
liar  cruising  groun<ls 
in  oil  and  bone,  preys 
1  of  llshing  has  been 
'■(jod  results,  and  may 
il,  wliich  otters  eveiy 
ison  whaling.  "  The 
HI  have  always  been 
iie  Hnssian-American 
liisbrancli  of  industry 

Inlet  for  ascertaining 
^•ir  whalers  in  winter. 


They  even  eslablisheil  a  shipbuilding  eslablishiuenl  in  lve.-.iii- 
rectlon  bay,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Kenay  peninsula,  and  em- 
ployed an  Kuglish  superintendent ;  but  as  the  whaling  was  not 
so  remunerative  as  the  fur  trade,  their  whole  elforts  were  diit'cted 

to  the  full  legitimate  development  of  that  l)usiness 

Captain  Bryant  says  that  Fairweather  ground  is,  at  proper 
seasons,  the  great  receptacle  of  the  mollusk  called  whale's  footi. 
a  minute  animal  about  the  size  of  a  flax  seed,  and  having  a 
gelatineous  consistency  ;  myriads  of  thenr  cover  tl\e  ocean  like 
a  scum.  This  mollusk  drifts  along  w  ith  the  coast  current  toward 
llie  west  at  the  rate  of  about  one  mile  per  hour.  During  this 
season  the  saa  and  all  the  adjacent  bays  are  filled  with  whales. 
The  mollusk  collects  under  the  lea  of  the  submarine  range  of 
ramploua.  The  whaling  season  continues  from  the  last  of  June 
to  the  middle  of  July.  About  Analaska  we  saw  numbers  of 
sperm  whales  in  September,  and  in  August  the  spenu  whaler 
"  William  Gifl'ord '  was  entering  the  iiorth  strait  of  Kadiak  to  fill 
up,  reporting  as  having  left  the  coast  of  Queen  Charlotte's 
islands,  where  four  other  spenn  whalers  were  fishing  that  season. 
The  ' Gifford '  had  been  out  from  New  Bedford  since  18C3,  liii' 
time  being  five  years.  She  had  sent  home  2700  barrels  of 
sperm  oil,  worth  $90,000  in  gold,  and  had  on  board  400  barrels 
more,  intemling  to  take  nothing  but  sperm  whale  until  near  llie 
end  of  her  cniisc.  For  the  last  six  years  the  whaling  fleet  of 
the  Arctic  has  averaged  not  less  than  eighty  vesseli?-,  of  wliicii 
seventy  belonged  to  the  United  States.  Their  average  catch  in 
those  water  amounts  to  not  less  than  120  barrels  each,  and 
about  30,000  pounds  of  whalebone.  The  prlnciiial  reason  given 
by  the  whalers  for  prefering  the  Arctic  regions  over  the  (iulf  ol' 
Alaska  is,  the  shallower  water.  .  .  .  The  command  of  ail 
the  bays  and  straits  of  the  north-west  coast  resorted  to  by 
whales  gives  very  great  advantages  to  our  whalers,  and  need 
only  be  mentioned  to  Ije  appreciated ;  fishing  at  all  seasons, 
opportunities  to  winter  and  refit,  depots  for  cargoes,  and  regu- 
larity in  transhipping  thence  to  the  east  or  to  the  Pacific  ports. 
It  opens  the  broad  question  whether  Avhaling  cannot  be  more  ef- 
fectually and  more  profitably  done  in  smaller  vessels,  specially 
designed  and  constructed  for  capturing  the  whale,  and  then 
storing  the  oil  at  some  depot  in  the  Behring  sea  where  it  can  ho 
regularly  shipped  to  its  destination,  while  the  Aessel,  working 
until  the  latest  day  of  the  season,  discharges  her  crew  of  Aleuts 

6 


i 


among  llifiiislmid  liouu-^,  and  lays  np  lor  tlic  wiiitt-r  i«  Alawkain 
liaiLors.  rontly  for  tlio  Avhnlinji  grounds  at  the  earliest  openin- 
of  sprin;--.     If  this  l.e  done,  with  the  increased  knowledge  of  the 
whale's  habits  and  the  aptitude  of  the  Aleuts,  the  Ani<noan 
>N  li!d(!is  ean  sweep  the  field  of  foreign  competition."  —  Davidson. 
Sardines,  smelts,  candlefish,  and  other  small  but  vaLual>l<^  fish 
.•ongrcga((>  in  vast  numbers  in  and  around  Alaska.     In  sailinii 
Mloni--  tiiat  coast  the  treasures  of  the  deep  are  ever  present :  the 
untoM  wealth  there  latent  surjKisseth  knowledge.     This  bouml- 
'  less  and  inexhaustible  musery  of  commerce  fairly  puzzles  the 
will  an.l  completely  captivates  the  thinking  mind  in  contem- 
platimv  a  theme  so  grand.     'I'he  fishing  resources  l)ordering  on 
Alasksi  are  live  times  more  extensive  and  ten  times  more  valua- 
ble than  those   now  available   in  the   North   Atlantic   Ocean. 
This  important  ac<iuisition  to   our   national    wealth   is   richly 
worth  one  hundred  millions  of  gold  dollars,  and  is  destined  to 
nurture  a  great  commerce  in  those  regions,  and  cover  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean  with  swift  clipper  vessels. 

Popnlation  of  Alaska  comprises  various  tribes  of  Indians, 
and  a  rennant  of  Russians.    They  are  found  in  couur .unities 
along  the  entire  coast,  and  it  is  difHcult  to  ascertain  their  num- 
bers? as  they  are  migratory  in  their  habits.    The  interior  re- 
oi„ns  of  the  territory  are  as  yet  unexplored,  and  little  is  known 
roncerning  the  tribes  remote  from  the  shores.     In  every  part  of 
this  lioundless  coast,  open  to  navigation,  people  are  found  in 
ronsiderable  numbers  :  they  iiave  been  computed  as  ranging  in 
numbers  from  fifty  to  sixty  thousand.    Those  domiciled  near 
the  shore  have  been  reared  under  the  iron  heel  of  Russian  des- 
potism.   Thev  arc  docile  and  subservient.    They  have   been 
mirtured  in  the  admonition  of  the  Greek  Church,  and  are  gen- 
.rally  devoted  to  the  doctrines  and  discipline  of  that  venerable 
institution.     In  the  r.:orc  prominent  towns  they  have  had  the 
heni'lits  of  schools,  and  the  rudiments  of  education  havi'  been 
disseminated  among  them.     In  their  relations  with  strangers 
they  are  kind   and  hospitable,  and  very  honest :  in  mechanical 
ingcnuit'-  connnendable  progress  is  manifest.    They  build  sub- 
stantialboats  and  make  tight  fish  casks.     They  display  some 
eraltiness  in  capturing  the  sea  otter  and  the  larger  monsters  in 
those  waters ;   in  developing  the  fisheries  the  expert  Aleutes 
m\\  render  valuable  services.     >•  The  Aleutes  are  very  distinct 
in  their  looks*  ninnncrr-.   language  and  iu«tom*-  from  all  other 


I;! 


inttT  its  Alaska  in 
oarliest  opoiiinj; 
cnowledge  of  tlu' 
s,  the  AiiKi'ioaii 
m."  —  Davidxmu 
hut  vaiua1>l<^  fi«l> 
iskn.     In  Hailinii' 
ivor  pivHi^nt :  Ui»' 
TO.    This  houml- 
lirly  puzzles  tlic 
mind  in  contoni- 
3es  l)onlerinp;  on 
inies  nioro  viihia- 
Atlantic   Ocean, 
wealth   is   riclil\ 
\m\  is  destined  to 
1  cover  the  North 

trihes  of  Indians. 
1  in  coniir .unities 
certain  their  num- 
Thc  interior  re- 
ind  little  is  known 
In  every  part  of 
jple  arc  found  in 
ited  as  ranging  in 
se  domiciled  near 
i?l  of  Russian  dcs- 
They  liavc   hecii 
unch.  and  are  gen- 
'  of  that  vcneraltit' 
Ihey  have  had  Ihc 
ducation  havi'  been 
ons  with  strangers 
lest :  in  mechanical 
t.    They  Iniild  suh- 
riiey  display  some 
larger  monsters  in 
the  expert  Aleutes 
cs  arc  veiy  distinct 
onis-  from  id!  otlu^r 


Indians  of  tlie  northwest,  and  many  ftf  them  hear  a  close  lo- 
scmblance  to  the  less  marked  of  the  Japanese,  so  much  so  that 
a  (|uestion  at  once  arises  wiiether  this  people  has  not  hecu  di- 
rectly derived  from  castaway  or  shipwrecked  InliahitantN  of 
Japan,  carried  thither  by  the  Kamscliatka  branch  of  the  great 
Japanese  stream.  .  .  .  They  are  (piict.  patient  j)eople,  gift- 
ed with  a  great  deal  oi'  ingenuity,  and  always  trusted  by  the 
Uussians.  The  priest  of  the  IJnal.aska  district  is  iiu  Aleut,  .-nid 
a  man  of  more  than  ordinary  ability  and  taste.  Tiie  surgeon  oi 
the  Company's  Service  at  Ilionliouk.  now  of  the  Coast  Survey 
Tidal  Observer,  is  .also  a  full  blooded  native,  who  has  aecjuitli'd 
himself  creditably  in  his  ol)servations.  Many  of  the  block  hou- 
ses of  the  Russian  Company  are  constructed  by  the  Aleulcs. 
and  the  church  at  Ilionliouk  is  a  good  specimen  of  their  work- 
manship; even  the  capitals  of  the  interior  wooden  coluinus 
were  carved  by  them  with  rude  means,  'i'hey  make  skillful  me- 
chanics, and  the  principal  mechanician  and  instrument  repairer 
iit  Sitka  is  an  Aleut,  who  early  displayeil  great  talent,  aixl  wa^ 
sent  at  the  Company's  expense  to  St.  IVtersbuig.  wliere  lie 
learned  the  business  of  an  optician.  His  workuiaiiship  exhibit ^ 
talent  that  ueeiled  a  large  field  to  dcveloj).  .  .  .  lIu'  thirty- 
eight  charts  of  TebenhoH's  atlas  were  drawn  and  engraved  up- 
on copper  by  a  half-biVed  Aleut  named  Kadiu.  The  bidarkas 
or  skin  canoes  of  the  Aleutes.  constructed  I'or  one.  two  or  thret- 
persons,  are  fine  specimens  of  ingenuity  and  form  :  the  light 
frame  is  constructed  of  woo«l.  .  .  .  Fn  the  uumagenieut  of 
tJiose  canoes  they  display  co<  i  courage  and  thorough  knowledge 
of  their  capabilities.  .  .  .  As  models  they  are  not  excelled 
by  any  of  those  seen  on  the  Pacific  coast ;  and  as  simple  me- 
chanical constructions,  they  are  vastly  superior  to  any  south- 
ward. Their  large  skiu  boats,  biadars,  capal)le  of  carrying; 
from  forty  to  sixty  persons,  were  used  in  trading  between 
distant  islands  as  far  as  St,  Paul  and  St.  George,  when  the 
Russians  first  reached  the  country.  They  are  still  in  us(\  and 
were  employed  at  Ulakhta  harbor  to  coal  the  steamer.  The 
Aleut«s  are  very  ingenious  in  their  traps  for  catching  the  small 
fur-bearing  animals — very  neat  in  their  siiears,  walnis  l)arbs. 
and  sinew-twine — and  apt  in  adopti|ig  the  simplest  means  tooli- 
taiu  their  ends.  .  .  .  They  sqon  become  very  handy  with 
the  use  of  ordinary  tools,  do  good  blacksmith  work,  use  the 
lathe,  etc..  but.  unfortuusitely.  have  had   few   incenlives  to  eon- 


1, 


W 

1  walrus  lUHks,  or  the  IuhRs  of  the  IosmI  inamn.otl.  foun.l  u, 
Kotzobuc  Soumi,  the  Alout.s  clisplay  patience,  ai„l  ...  ,.iany  civ- 
ses  considerable   i.,^en..ity.  constrncting  o..t  of  waln.s  tusks 
small  figures  of  l.....tors,  rock,  seal  a..d  fish,  represent.ng  tlu 
practice  of  seul-h.n.ti..g,  ...akhig  .ni...ic  representations  ol  the.r 
Ilancing  and  .nusic:.l  entertai...nents,  etc.     In  hu.iting  the  sea- 
..Iter  an<l  seal  thev  exhibit  their  tenacity  of  puri^osc  by  >yatch.»g 
for  days  at  a  ti,..v  .-ather  than  lose  the  object  of  the.r  purs...t 
■riK-v  do  not  use  the  bow  a..d  aiTOW,  bnt  the  small  ivory-headed 
spear,  thnnvu  with  the  ai.l  of  a  hand-board,  a.Kl  the.r  exh.b.- 
tions  of  skill  prove.1  their  expeitness  and  proficicicy.     Most  o 
the  crews  of  the  Uussian  Co.npany's  vesst.ls  are  composed  ol 
Mentes.     A.iothor  pecidiarity   in   their  favor  :-at  Una laska. 
;vhonever  a  woman  was  one  of  two  or  three  persons  in  a  bidarka, 
she  was  not  compelle<l  to  nse  the  paddle,  as  we  have  heret<.lo,e 
invariably  seen  on  the  Pacific  coast.     The  women  are  very  .n- 
,.„ions  in  making  a  great  variety  of  stitches  ^^^l^^ 
;,,!  those  of  rnalaska  have  always  been  noted  for  skill  m  the 
,.cant,y  of  their  sewing.     No  murder  has  been  ""^^^  "^"i^ 
the  Alentes  for  the  last  lltty-two  years,  and  when  the  last  (m- 
,.n,TC<l  the  whole  race  was  hoiTor-struck.»-I>ar;idso». 

'Hie  christian  inhabitants  of  Alaska,  dodile,  kind  and  hosp.t- 
.1,10,  expert  in  mechanism  and  skiUfnl  in  maritime  adventure, 
uossessing  sufficient  intelligence  and  self-pride,  and  in  eve. > 
:.::;oct  w^rtl,-  to  ..joy  ^'  life,  liberty  -I  f  P-smt  o^  h^^^ 
„oss  ••  became  citizens  of  our  Great  Repnbhcby  no  act  of  theiis. 
l«.v  a  dash  of  the  pen  they  were  guaranteed  all  the  rights,  priv,- 
lc:.rc.s  an.l  immunities  of  Am^ncan  citizens  i"  f^  f  "J^  «^/;';; 
,ve.atv  of  March  SO.  18G7,  as  follows :   '•  The  inhabitants  of  the 
.....loA  territory,  according  to  their  choice,  reserving  th^ir  »atur«' 
..llcnance,  may  i-etuni  to  Rnssia  within  three  years ;  Init  if  the> 

should  p.-efert;  remain  in  the  ceded  «°^y' ^^^'V^^ttd  to  the 
..option  of  the  uncivilized  native  tribes)  shall  be  admitted  o  t  e 
on  oy.ne,it  of  all  the  rights,  advantages  and  immunities  of  c  t.- 
ons  of  the  Unite.1  States,  and  shall  be  maintained  and  protected 
in  the  free  enjoyinent  of  their  liberty,  property  and  religion. 
The  ..ncivilized  iribes  will  be  subject  to  such  laws  and  regiiui- 
tions  as  the  United  States  may  from  time  to  time  adopt  ,n  lega.d 
to  aboriginal  tribes  of  the  country." 

XotwUhstnndiuo-  the  oxplieii    assurances   ol    the  treat> .  th. 


T 


I  (•iiiv'ni<>    tlgiiri's 
laniniotli  found  in 

ami  in  many  ca- 
,  of  walnis  lusks 

representing  the 
lentations  of  their 

hunting  tlic  sen- 
ri)08C  by  Avntoliing 

of  their  pursuit, 
imall  ivory-headed 

and  their  exhibi- 
•ficiency.  Most  of 
,  are  composed  ol" 
31- : — at  Unalaska. 
irsonsina  bidarka, 
we  iiave  heretofore 
omen  are  very  in- 
s  in  their  sewing, 
3ted  for  skill  in  the 

I  committed  among 
when  the  last  (m- 

}avidson. 

e,  kind  and  hospit- 
naritime  adventure, 
iride,  and  in  every 
e  pursuit  of  happi- 
cbyno  actof  tlieirs. 
all  the  rights,  privi- 
in  the  terms  of  the 
le  inhabitants  of  the 
serving  their  natural 
e  years ;  but  if  they 
y,  they  (with  the  ex- 

II  be  admitted  to  the 
immunities  of  citi- 

itained  and  protected 
operty  and  religion, 
ch  laws  and  reguia- 
,  time  adopt  in  regard 

«  of  the  treaty,  the 


people  of  Alaska  have  only  >'  jumped  out  of  the  (Vyiiig-pan  into 
the  fire."    l?Yom  the  day  in  which  they  <verc  ofllcially  transl'erred 
to  our  protection  they|have  groaned  under  the  weight  of  martiid 
law,  as  administered  by  military  Breveta.    President  Grant  has 
sent  a  powerful  Armada  to  the  island  of  San  Domingo,  and  has 
lavished  untold  treasures  on  the  savage  negroes  there,  and  is 
still  battling  against  an  irrevocable  decree  of  natiuo  in  his  vain 
efforts  to  elevate  the  "  outside  barbarians  "  to  the  lofty  dignity 
of  American  citizenship.    If  the  President  is  so  veiy  earnest  to 
promote  the  denizens  of  other  lands  to  the  enjoyment  of  our 
national  fVeedom  and  happiness,  then  we  humbly  submit  that 
the  Presidential  charities  should  begin  nearer  home.    Our  own 
fellow-citizens  in  Alaska  are  ground  down  "  in  the  bonds  of  in- 
iquity," and  we  do  knoto  that  those  helpless  people,  too  long  hehl 
"  in  the  gall  of  bitterness,"  are  patiently  waiting  for  "  the  good 
time  coming,"  in  which,  under  the  aegis  of  civil  government, 
they  may  enjoy  the  products  of  their  own  labor  in  security. 
Fifty  thousand  Christians  in  our  newly  acquired  territory,  long- 
ing for  the  enjoyment  of  our  rights  and  privileges,  are  loudly 
clamoring  for  their  just  inherltancy  which  the  plighted  faith  of 
our  government  has  promised  to  them.    Congress  has  been 
faithless  to  those  people,  and  it  is  high  time  that  humane  laws 
should  be  enacted  for  their  protection;  they  are  eminently 
worthy  of  all  the  favors  conferred  by  the  treaty ;  the  develope- 
ment  of  the  vast  resources  of  that  great  territory,  the  successftil 
prosecution  of  the  fisheries,  and  the  commerce  already  inaugu- 
rated, demands  the  protection  of  Admiralty  comU  and  kindred 
institutions  to  regulate  the  trade  and  exchange  among  the  in- 
dustrious people  in  our  new  domain.    We  earnestly  hope  our 
government  will  now  extend  some  protection  and  dispense  jus- 
tice to  the  people  of  Alaska. 

The  rich  territory  of  Louisiana  was  a  valuable  acquisition  to 
our  whole  country,  particularly  to  the  agricultural  interest ;  the 
annexatioD  of  California  was  also  opportune  and  of  immense 
value  to  oui-  metallic  circulation.  The  statesmen  who  consum- 
mated those  patriotic  measures  were,  in  their  respective  periods, 
libelled  and  traduced.  "  Time,  that  spares  no  lenient  hand," 
1ms  clearly  demonstrated  the  wisdom  of  those  sages  in  acquiring 
those  territories.  The  purchase  of  the  great  territory  of  Alaska 
lorms  a  wise  step  in  the  right  direction ;  the  boundless  waters 
washing  that  onntinent  teeming  with  imperishable  wealth,  affords 


an  immense  nursery  for  rearing  a  grand  commerce  on  llie  uorlb- 
we«t  coast.    The  venerable  statesman  who  has  accomplishert 
that  grand  consummation,  has  also  in  his  turn  been  one  ol  the 
^.,>est  abuHcl  men  in  America,"  but  "Time,  that  makes  all 
things  even,"  has  already  proved  the  immense  value  ot     Time  s 
noblest  ofrspring."    The  illustrious  secretary  has  been  spared  to 
see  with  his  own  eyes  the  rich  doraaii.  which  his  energy  an( 
patriotism  acquircl ;  he  has  left  his  footprints  on  the  north-west 
coast,  where  his  praises  will  be  chanted  by  unborn  generations 
as  "  one  of  the  few,  the  immortal  names,  not  born  to  die.      in 
accuiring  Alaska  we  obtained  the  key  to  Behring  sea  and  the 
Arctic  ocean,  with  all  the  rich  treasures  reveling  in  those  waters. 
We  have,  in  addition,  gained  a  permanent  footing  m  eastern 
Asia,  and  opened  the  unlimited  resources  around  those  shores 

''itrexiending  from  the  parallel  of  60»  to  70=  north, 
with  its  sounds,  gulfs,  bays  and  coves,  draining  large  rivers 
and  fringed  with  the  Saghalien,  Kurile,  Copper,  Behrmg  am 
other  islands,  besides  the  unexplored  coast  extending  from  East 
Cape  northwestward,  is  now  opened  to  American  enterprise^ 
Those  shores,  washed  with  the  warm  stream  from  Japan,  having 
a  high  thermal  temperature,  teem  with  cod,  salmon,  otter,  seal, 
walrus  and  great  whales.    The  coast  margining  those  waters  is 
reix)rted  rich  in  minerals  -  diamonds,  gold,  silver  and  the  base 
metals.    Furs  are  abundant,  some  of  which  are  very  fine  and 
valuable.    Siberian  sables  are  trapped  on  that  coast,  and  com- 
mands  fabulous  prices ;  ermine  and  other  fine  f«"  »««  ;^;;  ^J" 
tainod.    The  most  favored  cod  grounds  are  located  between  the 
parallels  of  52«  and  55»  north,  where  very  solid  fish  are  taken ; 
lessels  from  San  Francisco  make  annual  trips  to  those  waters 
^ith  profitable  results.    Silver  aalmon  are  found  at>""^^»»«y  » 
the  rivers ;  cattle,  pigs,  dogs  and  wild  beasts  take  them  for  food 
they  are  lean  and  poor,  owing  to  the  warmth  of  the  water. 
Seals  congregate  along  the  coast,  some  favored  rookeries  being 
found  among  the  Kerule  islands,  to  which  the  seal  hunters  resor 
annually.    This  coast  has,  from  time  immemorial,  been  a  most 
genial  resort  for  the  walrus;  they  are  taken  in  great  numbe,^ 
by  the  whalers,  and  also  by  the  Esquimaux  for  lood.       ^  hen 
Kotzebue  was  at  anchor  on  the  north  side  of  East  Cape,  thous- 
ands of  walrus  played  around  his  ship  and  roared  like  oxen ; 
among  them  appoaro<l  several  whales."-  Dnrirhov. 


•  on  the  uorllj- 
I  accomplished 
;cn  one  of  tlie 
that  makes  all 
luc  of  "  Time's 
been  spared  to 
liis  encr>»y  »"•* 
I  the  north-west 
)rn  generations 
rn  to  die."  In 
ag  sea  and  the 
in  those  waters, 
•ting  in  eastern 
id  those  shores 

"  to  70°  north, 
ng  large  rivers, 
;r,  Behring  and 
nding  from  East 
•ican  enterprise, 
m  Japan,  having 
mon,  otter,  seal, 
;  those  waters  is 
-er  and  the  baser 
re  very  fine  and 
,  coast,  and  com- 
'urs  are  also  ob- 
ated  between  the 
d  fish  are  taken ; 
1  to  those  waters 
id  abundantly  in 
ike  them  for  food; 
Ah  of  the  water. 
I  rookeries  being 
ical  hunters  resort 
rial,  been  a  most 
in  great  niimViers 
)r  food.    "  When 
Sast  Cape,  thous- 
•oarcd  like  oxoii ; 


17 

Till'  waiiii  Liiir*!nl  running  conliamilly  nuiUiwanl  tliiuiigli 
Hehring  stniit  curries  tlio  ico-flelds  nwny,  and  afl'oidH  dear  sc'o|h' 
to  the  whalers.  The  slinalness  of  the  Arctic,  the  mildness  of 
the  climate,  and  the  'blesRod  power  of  sunshiiu'.'  facilitntes  the 
capture  and  cutting  in  of  the  huge  fat  whales.  (  IoikI  fares  ha\c 
been  obtained  late  in  the  montli  of  Octol)cr  ns  high  as  the  7.".*. 
Tiiis  fact  demoiistr.ates  the  genial  temperature  prevailing  in 
those  regions.  "  IJarqne  '  Helen  Snow,'  Capt.  Campbell,  re- 
ports :— Left  .Tai)an,  April  Mth,  made  the  ice  Htii  of  May.  lat. 
t)0°  to  north,  Ion.  llC  cast;  took  tlrst  whale  17tli  of  August : 
the  last,  Oct.  2d,  lat.  70°  ."iO  north.  Ion.  1(5.')°  10  west:  Oct. 
Ith,  kept  otf  for  the  strait."— /fav.  Gazette,  Nov.  1).  1«7(). 

'•  The  Kamschatkii  current  after  passing  through  Hehilng 
Strait  inclines  toward  the  coast  of  America,  as  is  fully  proved 
by  the  existence  of  driftwood  along  the  shores  and  in  the  waters 
of  the  current,  while  little  oi-  no.ie  is  found  on  the  Asiatic  coast 
or  in  the  waters  adjacent.  Wc  have  this  season  conversed  with 
whaling  captains  who  left  the  Arctic  as  late  as  Oct.  12th,  and 
their  experience  of  years  confirms  the  above  statements.  This 
cuiTcnt  passes  through  Behring  Strait  with  a  velocity.  .  .  . 
Moreover,  the  interesting  fact  may  be  stated  that  there  has  rare- 
ly been  such  an  open  season  in  the  Arctic  as  that  Just  passed. 
Capt.  Williams  went  as  far  westward  as  188°,  and  hud  nothing 
but  open  sea  before  him.  Capt.  Thomas  went  as  far  as  72°  55." 
— Davidson. 

Popalation.  Two  hundred  years  ago  all  that  region  watered 
hy  the  Amoor  river  was  Tartar  in  every  respect,  today  it  is 
llussian.  The  ^wpulation  is  mainly  composed  of  criminal  con- 
victs or  political  exiles,  some  of  whom  are  of  noble  birth,  all 
banished  ft-om  the  western  dominions  of  the  Czar ;  many  arose 
from  the  lowest  scr\'itude  in  the  mines,  and  ])y  industry  and 
sobriety  have  become  proprietors  of  large  tracts  of  land  and 
considerable  wealth.  This  element,  though  basking  in  affluence, 
seldom  obtains  the  imperial  pardon  or  leave  to  visit  their  native 
country.  A  veiy  large  majority  of  these  exiles  never  hope  oi' 
even  look  for  the  privilege  of  leaving  those  regions ;  they  are 
compelled  to  waste  their  sweetness  on  the  irigid  air  of  that 
country,  unless  they  take  "  French  leave  "  and  pass  over  the 
steppes  of  Asia  among  the  Tartars,  who  are  hosi)itablc  to  the 
exiles  and  usually  welcome  them  to  their  country.  Many  of  tlu; 
political  exiles  arc  At  liberty  to  labor  at  any  vocation, -and  to 


* 

A 
s 


rf 


4^^ 
1.  ,n   nninor       I'liirt  class  loiiiis  Uic  >Joik- 

.U.V.IOI.......I  '"  ^»-\  -"'^  'j!^  ;^jj„r,  tc,  work  the  rl.b  u.i....  : 

rhisen  through  l.ie.uli*  at  St.  1  aam  .^^ 

,.,,e  ..rt....es  have  thu«  ';-;';i;;-;  ,.,  ^ ^    ^   ^..Hal. 

...inerals   a.ul   *'^»-;--^;;,.^  ^;:,,„,„t,  ....I  withu.  the 

l.yoncl  ^-/^'-']^^ ^TlU^on  .n.rt...ea  u.  liberal 

,.,,as  a.vl  ^"l^'^'  "'';     ';  in,erty.loving  exilen,  hn.^  I""""''*  '" 
,„a„tie  .loiua....  ^Mth  Us  """,f^„.  ^„i,,,,,y„k8  a..(l  alVeetio.uite 

•'""■'■"•■  ""■""!; :: rjrt "  3iC..uc.  a ..,.„,,*. 

jv  iiiiees  aerosK  the  bta  towaru.         ^  ,        .     ,    „t  ,i  i,„„. 

„„,„.  the  -  exiles  ^J^;^';;;;;;-  ,^  ^^.  ^^.^  .vatcrs  batliina  the 

Temperatrre.    ^^'^^^'j;;'^^"  ^uon  the  coast  of  Alaska 

,..,,,  „f  Sib.r.a  ^J^;^^^l  arc  regular,  aud  their 
.„corresi.o.KUng  ma     IH.     i  ^,,,,,,i„,a ;   the  neoaie 

directions  aua  strength  auie        y  extremely  high. 

"--  with  ^^^;^l^:Z,:^Zrr^n^ 
''^•'"^  ''    '^'Z^^^IX^^  f"-^-ns  regularly,  and  enjoy 
„„„,U.r  l-f"""/  ^^"    2,s     The  winds  in  those  seas  prcva.l 
UK.  eo,.rulenee  ol    "'^'^;';^;  ^^  J^.  ^.^„„,,,  fro.„  the  southwest; 

'"  ^"^'  ^"r"  r:  ."X  so  «  winds  with  rain  are  ex- 

»''?'"'■';  \    !  Lr    The  north-easterly  gales  are  disagreeable, 
and  westerly  w  mds      1  he  ^^^^^  ^^^^,^     Hurricanes 

Wu.ginmos     as  Kt  «^^^^^^      iVee  from  mountain  influence 
are  seldom  ).iet .  tl.e  ,.v„orienced,  and  little  damage 

a..e  steady,  ^^^^^^ ^^J^^Z^ .^..  are  of  mod- 
,,  vessels  is  record  dom^^^^^^^^  Mountain  swells  are 

,,ate  elevation,  and  ^•""  r;;//,^^^^     ,^U  loss  than  in  the  west- 
,„Unown,andthe^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  •'"  ^'^^  ^^-^^^^'^^  ^'^ 

orn  ocean.     The  loss  oi  x  i  past  five  years, 

"""  ""T  "Tr:;u    °«  :.»Wlo  U  a  Jen  or 
„K  tow,  two  ol  «'"  "»'*"'         |,„,  ^;  the  action  of  tbc  ice, 


mils  llic  boiii' 
leurly  all  tin- 
valuable  fiiui- 
w  rii-b  u)iiv.;!s ; 
t  coast, rk'b  ill 
Hsiaii  cni>ilal. 
iml  witb'm  tbc 
iicil  in  libfiiil 
lmIoiu.  tbis  r«i- 
onu  biiricil  in 
ml  allVclionat*' 
,     A  vast  t  null' 
;  about  u  bim- 
(l  trado  ill  tbv 
ays  and  covi-s. 
icok  aud  cove, 
igher  einuhilioii 

Lcrs  balliiny  tlio 
soiist  of  Alaska 
igular,  aud  tlu'ii" 
cd;   the  neodk- 
extremely  high, 
(meter  and  cluro- 
larly,  and  enjo\ 
108C  seas  prevail 
the  southwest; 
ith  rain  are  e.\- 
inied  with  nortli 
are  disagreeable, 
eet.    Hurricanes 
ountain  influence 
and  little  damage 
,aves  are  of  mod- 
intain  swells  are 
than  in  the  west- 
tlie  whaling  and 
le  past  five  years, 
le  half  a  dozen  of 
action  of  the  ice, 
to  remain  late  in 


l!i 

ilicM'  wiiU'i'-'  iiiiilii  llu'  .-,iiiiiul:itin<:,  ti'iii|it.'itii>ii  ul  tlu'  ^ical  lirli 
whale  rt'\cliii<f  in  lliosi'  seas.  'I'lic  pi'i'iiiiimi  (Hi  iiiiiiiiie  risks  is 
iiiiieii  Inwei' lliM"  (111  any  (itlier  coast ;  the  ocean  tides  arc  siili- 
jcct  til  ;j;reat  vaiiatioiis.  and  in  Cook's  Inlet,  wliicli  resciiililcs 
ilie  Hay  of  I'lindy  in  many  physical  aspects,  the  Spiiiic;  tides 
I'lib  anil  (low  nearly  I'oity  feet.  This  physical  airaiifi-cincnt  at- 
lords  timely  opportniiities  I'oi'  rc|iaiiiiii:'.  cleaning'  and  |)aiiitinvi 
\  csscls. 

Sallt  'I'lie  L-rcat  racitic  Ocean,  though  mncli  colder  than  llu- 
Atlantic,  yet  contains  strom;  saline  properties.  Tlie  water- 
wasliinv  the  southern  coast  of  California  are  prolilic  in  salt, 
\ast  t|iiantities  are  gathoreil  on  the  ishinds  in  the  Santa  Harbara 
clianuel.  The  rocUy  ledjfcs  inaru,ining  tlio.se  islands  are  c(»\creil 
with  stroiiji'  salt  formeil  Ity  solar  evaporation  ;  t!ie  people  rc- 
sidiiiji'  alon^'  those  shores  gather  up  sntlicient  tiuantities  yearly 
to  satisly  their  domestic  wants.  The  lagoons  fringing  the  bay 
of  San  Franeiseo  produce  considerable  salt,  which  is  diluted 
with  lime  an<l  alkali.  The  watt  I's  of  Puget  f'.oiiiiil.  thouiih  con- 
stantly tempered  with  fresh  streams  from  the  mountains,  yield 
clean  salt;  tiic  writer  manufactured  some  by  solar  evaporation, 
and  produced  a  pure  wliite  article.  The  cheapness  of  himlicr,  the 
low,  level  Ran<lspits  aud  clear,  bracing  nortli-west  winds  iu  thai 
sunny  valley  renders  the  mamdUctiire  of  salt  a  paying  industry. 
On  our  recent  journey  from  tlu*  I'acilic  avc  examined  .several 
samples  of  .salt  made  from  the  waters  of  Salt  Lake  in  Utah. 
'I'he  dryness  of  the  at!nos))here  and  the  powerful  lieat  of  the 
r-iin's  rays  iu  that  region,  Jringes  the  lake  shores  with  large 
iiuantities  of  salt.  The  samples  exhibited  to  us  Avere  white, 
clean  and  sweet,  and  i-esembled  Cadiz  salt.  This  valuable 
article  has  been  subjected  to  severe  chemical  tests  at  Vassar 
Collej;:',  New  York,  and,  as  compared  with  the  celebrated  salt 
from  Turk's  Island,  presents  the  following  results  : 


TCIIK'S  ISI.ANI 

>, 

l«AI,T  i..\Ki:. 

I'uic!  Salt,  cir  Clilo.  iif  Sen 

iinn. 

'.iS.Tii 

I'liiv  S;il(.  01'  Chlo.  of  ."ocliinii, 

:7.T(! 

Chlc).  ol'  MiiK"0'*ii'. 

.11 

»  lilo.  or  .MiiKiU'siii, 

.m 

Siili'liiite  01"  MilKll<'^i:^ 

.HI 

Mil|iliato  ol"  MaKiU'siii, 

Mi 

l.imc. 

l..v; 

T.iiiic, 

\.m 

WiitOf. 

."Hi 

Wali'r. 

l.-.'S 

This  scientilic  analysis  establishes  the  superiority  of  the  Salt 
Ltdie  salt ;  it  may  be  produced  by  natural  process  to  any  extent. 
This  is  by  far  the  best  article  we  have  seen  in  any  country,  and 
we  do  most  earnestly  reconnncnd  the  mamdactnre  of  it,  to  [trac- 

7 


■1 


'T 
\ 

N 

1 


.'lit 

\li      Mihlu'll.   Ill    >;'l^ 

I,,,.,  Uu-  novth-w.st  -a.    -    •  •     u    >^^_  _^^^^^^  , 

,,,|,„y  M.on.i..-s  MM-  .sm.li>.  ^^^^    ..xtiTincs  ii.  (•r....atr  .v.. 

'-•'-^  ^""^  '^  '■''"::7    n  ;.I    r  ■  U  "t  s..a.    From  .aicr.,! 
,,,,,,vati.ms  WC..O.U  U.I0  tlat    lu  ii  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^,^.,  .,,,._^ 

,.,.  ,,,,„  May  till  NovomLov.  ^'^  ^''^     '\„,,,,,.„,.,  ,vitl.  otl.u 
U„   as  Lctuiv  slaU-a.  a.v  lolt>  au.l  '"--  .  ^,,,,   ,,,,i,,,„ 

i:;..s.  'n.c.  ...ua  >^i-iai  i;^^-; ;;-!:'  ^::. ...  .v.n.. 

Maska  a.ul  scn.c-  <.l    Ik  ;^'\!'";        y.,,i„„s  other  lovalitios  o., 
a,yi..^  a..a  ...riu^  all  kmas  ol    .s  .  ^^      ^^^^.^^^  ,.^,^^.,,„,^.„ 

sr:tt:r:'^=-"  :....■ ■ •< -^ 

ii.au.  _.  ,    ,  ,  •,,1,  ,,,.  till-  iiovtliwi'^t  c'oasl. 


i 


rill'  lislu'riiu'ii 

iiiiiwuiii*'  va^l 

iitc  n\vi\\   Mini 

of  iiur  I'Mciru' 

Ml-  iratlf  wiinU 
ivin^  n^li-     '" 

.ulljfL'l   tu  lill'lll 

iiulis  tlir  wiinii 
rliilly  »•vl•llill'^^. 
ill  I'liiiiiitc  ri'ii 
llclo  \Vt'  lioliri'tl 
Fioiii   llu'iii  ^^'' 
(I  ill  llu'  liii.v  "'' 
1.    From  fuicriil 

loi'i's  iiiiirtiiniii;-! 
.--tlu!  U'liilii-nitf 
iliiiif  in  Hull  viil- 
uiHTiiUin'  <>1'  t''*' 
liiiu'tl   with  olliiT 
:»vtiilablo  banc  for 
I  sluuvs  of  Alii>- 
l  siiltjox-t  to  lu'!n\ 
r  on   tlio   I'Mslnn 

llKlU'     Ibl'     ^I'VlTill 

luit  lofiility  in  !Ui- 
tlu'  peninsula  ol' 
tlonl  laciiitii'''*  l<>i' 
olhcv  loralitios  on 
inictirul  lisluTn\iMi 
L-  iR'fOssitioH.  'I'li^' 
will,  in  the  fnlni-s> 
Imv  and  coniiort  of 

Ik-  nortliNVi'st  I'oa^l. 
sks  laxod  the  i-uor- 
■  have  voalizod  cxor- 
tim-ise-o  sni-lilit's  tv- 


M 
CIV  <l«'ni;.ii'l  111  iviiM.iiiil.lc  llj^iuvs  —  fair.  light  liaircU.  non-li«'oi)r.|, 
U'iniS  ol.liiiiuMl  at  that  cHtahliHlinii'iit  f.ir  our  .l.illar  in  foin. 
Wliitf  H|iiiic»'.  fonii'l  on  thf  cou-l,  MlfonU  .j;ooi|  iniiterial  for 
Hiiivfs  jiiit  liiwlin-.c-*.  nak,  lociHt.  ha/fl.  ami  ollit-r  Hiijilini-H 
iiliouml;  thus  <'oo|H'rinu:  nialcrials  luv  I'MmmI  in  ^ulllciciil  i|n'iii- 
lilifs  coiiMnicnl  lo  iiii\  ij;ation. 

(ilnM'«'rl»'M.      I'ht'  Siiniivvich    hlamU.  >o   mar  ..nr  Nlal«'>  ion! 
iciiitorifs  on  Ihf  I'acillc.  proilncr  siiirar,  syni|..  fotrrc.  suit,  and 
uiiicr  proiiiicts  of  piinn'  nm-ssitv.     For  nt-aily  a  crntury  tiiosi- 
ishinds  hiivc  lii'cn   favoivd  ivmoHh  to  Anifiican  vrsHcls.  partir- 
nlarly  to  those  en«i;aj,'ed  in  tradinj>;  on  Ha'  northwest  coast,  or 
whaling;.     'IMie  I.enetits  lavisheil  iiy  »an'  citizens  on  the  natives 
have  l)een  appreciated,  and  a  stron^r  iiltachnieiit.  to  onr  people 
is  ficneral  anion-;;  the  islanders.     The  discovery  of  fiold  in  Cali- 
fornia and  the  rnsh  to  the  mines   have  stinnilated  .air  relations 
with  those  iK'ople.  and  onr  commercial   intercourse  with   them 
liiis  increased,  and  is  yt-arly  liccomiii}'-  -;realer.     So  inntuid  has 
om  alfairs  become  thai  the  hoj»e   is  juHtilie<l  thai  in  a  few  years 
those  islands  will  form  an  importanl  division  of  onr  country. 
A  treaty  of  reciprocity   in  traile  bclween  onr  country  and  the 
Siiiidwieh  Islands  still  pends  the  action  of  onr  national  le<iisla- 
inre.     'Hie   consummation   of  this  just   measure    is   earnestly 
iK.ped  for  al  an  early  day.     The  admission  of  Sandwich  Ishinds 
produce,  free  of  duties,  will  enable  the   fishermen  on  the  nortl;- 
wesl  coasl  lo  obtain  sail  an<l  jiroccries  cheupor  than  on  the  At- 
lantic coast.     Nearly  all  the  leadinj,'  articles,  whether  of  fuel  or 

f,,()d--w I.  coal,  pork,  beef,  Hour,  bread  or  lard,  are  cheaper 

than  Ihe  same  articles  can  l»e  |.nrchased  in  the  markels  of  New 

Knjflaial. 

i>[arkets.  The  markets  for  Pacific  lish  are  already  exlon- 
sive,  and  yearly  increasing.  The  Spanish  llepublics  of  IMexico. 
Central  and  South  America,  the  Sandwich  Jsl'  .ds,  Australia, 
China  and  Japan  have  for  several  years  taken  oi.r  salmon,  and 
the  demand  is  largely  on  the  increase.  About  l,0(K).()(t(»  of 
hearty  Anglo-Americans,  dermans,  and  other  nationalities  are 
I  crmanently  domiciled  in  onr  states  and  territories  on  the  I'a- 
cillc slope.'  The  trnna-eontinental  railroads  havt"  oi)ened  the 
valleys  of  the  riatte,  Missouri  and  Mississippi,  all  densely  set- 
lied  with  hard-working  farmers.  The  completion  of  the  North 
I'acitlc  Kailroad  from  Pugef  Sound  to  Lake  Superior,  over  a  fer- 
tile b(>nch  of  country,   fast  tilling  "P  with    yeomanrv.    tho«c 


i 


i 


N 

1 


,„,„„.,  ,,.,,„.  .,11  open   u   v.M   ana  ,nol  la.,  •  '-'     ' 
ti.lu>r>uon,  where  the  sw.et  Mi  of  our  eoUl  waUTs     .11  b     a.,u 
V  !o^unea.     The  Northern   Pacilic  Kaih-oad  .viU  <.nai,le  ..nr 
Ih  3  to  send  the  prodncts  of  the  s.as-oiU  bono,   .v.n-v. 
nd  r-ns  hy  th.  .ay  of  th.  Canadian  canals,  and  eonnec  ..^ 
villMK^ean  sU.unships  on   the  St.   Lawromv  to   Knn>,u  .     On 
In  .ill  be  shipped  tu  every  nmrket  in  North  Amenea  and 
tlL  Knvope.     On  onr  .i.hern.en  devolves  the  ^^.^^^^^ 
r„,nishing  this  lish  at  snch  ,uices  as   ^v.ll   phuv  ,t   ..tlnn  tlu 

'" 'nle  n,!^rhants  alonji  the  nortlmest  eoast  have  enga^^ed  in  .U- 

,,U  "n.^  the  rcsonrees  of  Ah.ska  and  Siberia  with  ,ood  results. 

N     H  ■  two  hnndred  vessels  have  entered  those  watc.  the  pre. 

.nt  season  in  (inest  of  eod.  sahnon,  otter,  seal,  walrns.  whale 
aoU.er  promts.     K.-on.  the  n.ost  relhd.le  data  at  hand  we 

..slin.ate  the  valne  of  the  prodnets  IVon.  those  repu.ns  in  llu 
:  :  eii  vear  will  approach  live  n.illions  of  dollars  n,  eo.n.  In 
V  w  tonrnnlin.Ued  shores,  genial  elimate,  extensive  hsh.n, 
;::nds,  teennn,  with  the  treasures  of  the  <>-l>.  hn-^  P-- 
v.a-eedars,  sprnee.  lir  and  hendock ;  our  nntold  tael.tus  o, 
:lpbnildini;'ninerals--eoal.  iron,  copper,  silver,^,^  and  n,a- 

,„,„,,;  n.rs-otter,  seal,  walrus,  fox,  niarten,  dee> ,  wolf.  a.u. 
:,, he  .  ernnne  and  sable-all  accessible  to  sale  haH.ors,  laved 
thewann  stre.nm  iron,  the  Indies,  tempenn,  the  winds  to 
shorn  land,,  abatino-  the  wear  and  exposure  of  n.en  and  ves- 
sels In  view  of  the  prolilie  wealth  here  latent,  the  broad  nn,- 
,in-.- fields  now  o,.en.  what  rich  avenues  arc  here  tor  the  ene.- 

■^  *•  ,.,„■  Ponnlrv'"     What  broad  channels  are 

notic  vonng  men  ot  oni   tountij  .      >>naL  i,,  .,  ,i„. 

i,,„u.d  to  the  An,erican  lishernu.n  of  nerve  and  ''^^^'^     ^  ' ; 
sre  to  cnnpress  our  theme,  we  have  passed  over  seveal  U(n.s 
;identto'oursul^ect.     We  now  propose  to  demonstra  e  our 
pveference  for  the  most  available  locality  tor  devel-pr,,"   tlu  n- 
sduives  of  tue  norlliwest  eoast.  in— 


A   ri.KA   FOIJ   in  (iKT  SOINI). 

l>rovi..us  to  the  acuisiliou  of  Alaska.  Washington  Terrilorv 
„nned  the  northwestern  angle  of  our  connlry  ;  it   .s  now   the 
,,„t,,,    loru.   of  onr  possessions  on  the   I'acd.c  slope       1  In 
,,„..io„  i;  bounded  on  the  north  by  British  Cohnulna.  on  the  east 
.,v~ld:d,...  nn   ,l,e  snuth  bv  Oreo-u.  'AuA  nu  the  west  by  the   1  a- 


t 

i 


iiinilaa  u>  oni 
.,•«  will  1k'  lar.m- 

wiU  fiialili'  our 
[)il,  lioiu'.  ivorv. 
i.iuid  foiiiu'Ctiii^' 
.()  iMiropc.  <)"!■ 
itli  America  ait'l 
[he  grand  cUitv  ol' 
;UH'  il   within  tlf 

ve  engap;eil  in  (h- 
with  good  results, 
ic  waters  the  prcs- 
'ul.  Avalnis.  Avhali' 
■  data  at  hand  we 
0  regions  fur   the 
)Uars  in  eoin.     In 
,  extensive  lishing 
icep,  forests  prinu- 
atohl   faeilities  lor 
dver,  gold  and  dia- 
11,  deer,  wolf.  bear, 
safe  harbors,  laved 
pering  the  winds  to 
a-e  of  men  and  ves- 
ent,  the  broad  invi- 
here  for  the  ener- 
broad  channels  are 
and  cash.     In  a  de- 
over  several  items 
to  demonstrate  onr 
r   dcveli>))i;ig  the  vc- 


dM). 

Vashington  'I'errilorv 
intry  ;  it  is  now  ihe 
Pacific  slope.  'I'hi'- 
Columbia,  on  the  east 
II  the  west  li\  the   I'a- 


cillc  Ot'oan,  the   Stiait  de  Fuea  and   the  (inif  of  (ieorgia  :  it 
contain.i  about  70.000  s<inare  miles  in  area. 

Topography.  The  topograpiiy  of  this  region  presents  ro- 
maiitie  scenery,  lofty,  snow-clad  mountains,  broken  hills,  green 
valleys,  bleak  prairies  and  verdant  marshes.  The  range  of 
mountains  traversing  the  Pacific  slope,  known  as  the  Sierra  .Ni'- 
vadas,  extend  through  this  territory  on  a  north  and  westerly 
courHC  and  assume  the  name  of  Cascades,  from  the  immeroiis 
streams  issuing  from  and  pouring  down  the  gorges  in  that 
range.  Tliciie  mountains  form  a  continuous  divide,  through 
which  some  abrupt  ehasMs  are  found;  high,  frosted  domes,  soar- 
ing up,  are  visilile.  Baker,  Ranier,  St.  Helen's  an<l  Adams' 
attain  lofty  altitudes  ;  Mount  Hood  boasts  the  highest  elevation. 
'I'lie  Olympic  or  coast  range,  runs  parallel  with  the  shore;  this 
lofty  crest  rears  high  in  the  region  of  clouds,  a  self-snstainiug 
lieacon,  aifording  a  reliable  land-mark  to  mariners.  InOctolier. 
1«70,  we  had  a  i)lain  view  of  this  mountain  from  the  barciiie 
"Scotland,"  Capt.  McLellan  estimating  his  vessel  100  miles 
ilistant.  '  The  river  of  the  west  "  drains  this  territoiy  ;  it  pur- 
sues a  meandering  course  from  the  north,  and  finally  to  the  west, 
and  forms  a  portion  of  the  southern  boundary.  The  liroad  val- 
ley, sandwiched  between  the  Cascades  on  the  east,  and  the 
Olympic  mountains  on  the  west,  forms  the  plateau  margining 
the  Mediterranean  of  the  north-west  const,  known  by  the  geiu>- 
ral  name  of 

Puget  Sonnd.  This  d'cp  blue  sea  extends  from  Cajie  Flat- 
tery, the  north-west  angle  of  the  territory,  aii(>  innsues  an 
easterly  course  for  nearly  eighty  miles  ;  thence  in  a,  south-eastern 
direction  for  about  sixt^-  miles  to  the  Narrows,  and  flows  to  the 
southward  for  nearly  thirty  miles  to  the  falls  of  Tumwater,  the 
head  of  navigation.  Mr.  James  Lawson  of  the  coast  survey, 
has  oai'eftilly  computed  the  shore  lino  as  follows  : 


Strait  de  Fuca,      .        .        .        . 
IJosario  Strait,  Canal  de  TIaro  and  the 

(!nlf  of  Georgia.    - 
Admiralty  Inlet, 
I'nget  Sound  proper. 
Hood's  Canal,        .         .         .        . 


If)!  mih" 

(•.27      •• 
•.]-2\      •• 

•2m    ■■ 

1!)2      •• 


1 


Total  shore  line,     -         -        -       l')!)4 
riillinlo.     The  eliinate  of  this  vallov  varies  in  dilferent  sec- 


,on,linK  pavaUol.  on  tl.  A^^-^'^^  .^U  tlL  sponHs 
,,.  nntish  islands.  Tl.  --^^^V^^^  originating  in  ti.. 
IIH  f(.m.  in  tliosc  regions      ri"«  Sual  "  ,,^^^,^i„„. 

->nn  wators  o."  tl.c  tvc^u-.  ^^  ^  .^j^^,  P.ei«c.  laving 
,„e  sl.oros  of  ^^'^^fT;^^  i,ia„.l«,  tl.c  peninsula  ol' 
tl,e  southern  shores  "^  ^'^^  fU  ma  ^^.^^^  ^s  strength  on 

Alaska,  the  Ka^iak  bend  an.l  ^'"^  !  J  f '  ^^^es  in  the  vallev 

..,.  r„got  Sn.M.l  ; y;^^  ,,,,iities,  fans  our  shores, 

this  warm  current,  absorl.  its  tnu  ^^^^^  ^.^^_ 

,,.shes  through  the  C^^^!'^-' ^'^Ht^  J- ^^^^^^ 

,„.,„-uu  .dissolves  mountain  snows  ai^  ;;t^VMonntains,  even 
vegetation  ana  makes  t^as^oi^^-^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^^,^^  ^,^., 

,,  the  winter  «--'^.^^,;;;;;;iuegions  in  the  south 

,rass-fee.ling  -""^'^^^^^  "'"'J*;^  ,%«  stated  some  of  the  most 

In  another  portion  of  «"b;0|'^J  j    ^.^,^,  i„  tho 

prominent  indications  arisnig  f^"  ^^  :^„,^  i/ijritish  Cohmi- 

Uern  division  of  was  .^^^^^^^  ,^,^  p„,.,, 

"•*^-    rUeTVT Xhn  a  nio\:  genial  climate  and  a  higher 
Sound  valley.     vVe  cia  in  »  &  Oregon  and 

„i„tor  month,  «.oa,ands  of  »  *  ™'  *'°  „7  \oL  in  »tock 
tl,osc  St»tc».    We  have  not  w.tne.sed  any  he   7  ^ 

.on,  coU,  "^"^-^Xrrr^erWasMngton  .Mer. 

r;^jrf-«-Vrcrtrrrrs:: 

.    .    l-roperiy  .peaking  there  are  >>"'  "°  ''  „, 

ho^to  or  Pnget  sound  -  t,,e  rj^ J'i  *  *5;  J  J„,,i„ 

„r  «.-'- -  t,oX"r  Se:  -  titic  to  t,>e  ronr 
on  the  same  latitude  ascnnc  v"  j        ,„  ., 

,eaBonB-,pring,  .nn,n,er,  »"';™  »' ;\™,7;arlced  ti.at  the 
great  nieasnre  oWiterated,  or  at  least  so  lU    y  ^^^,^  ^^.^_ 

tinctivc  line  of  div  ision.    x  growing  mean- 

n.onths  to  be  mild,  without  snovowcc  the  g^^^  ^^^ 

while.    In  February  he  weathc   may  occu  ^^^^^^^^^^.^ 

May,  to  be  succeeded  in  ^ar  h  -  Apul  ^t  ^^^^  ^^^^^^^^ 

:;;:r"o::^r^^"^:otr^iUbye.dni, 


<!     . 


a  oi'  C'orvcs' 
IV  to  that  of 
ndk's  spends 
intitingi"tl>' 
Fanl,  V>:»Uii»:-i' 
acitic.  lavintl 
peninsula  of 
[s  slvcnjj;!!*  on 
i  in  the  valU'V 
icoompanyin«i- 
IS  onr  shoves, 
sin  of  ilie  Co- 
sts, stinuilates 
ountains,  even 
le  Imfllalo  and 
le  south. 
,c  of  the  most 
\f  winds  in  the 
British  CoUnn- 
mg  the  Puget 
te  and  a  higiver 
jf  Oregon  and 
the  most  rigid 
ave  perished  in 
I  losBca  in  stoek 
ars  in  the  Puget 
shington  differs 
cade  mountains, 
seasons  on  the 
:y.    Tlic  grades 
n  otlicr  countries 
title  to  the  four 
r,  arc  here  in  a 
marked  that  the 
d  lose  their  dis- 
the  three  winter 
,ss  growing  mean- 
ild  and  genial  as 
li  cohie'"  weather. 
July  and  August 
by  enld   nights. 


Till)  rainy  .soasiun  proper  begins  late  iu  Uclolier  uv  early  in  No- 
vcnilier,  and  may  he  said  to  continue  till  the  ensuing  Ajiril.     It 
I'refiui'utly  haiipens,  after  the  lirst     ■.'us,  that  weeks  of  weatlur 
similar  to  Indian  sunnner  occur,  and  it  is  seldom  that  one  or 
other  of  the  months  of  January,  February  or  March  docs  nul 
prove  continuously  mild  and  clear.     The  sununers  of  tins  terri- 
tory are  unsurpassed  in  the  world.     In  the  winter  months,  six 
in  number,  rains  prevail.     No  disappointment  should  be  felt  if 
falling  weather  occurred  in  some  part  of  the  twenty-four  hours, 
yet  many  In-iglit  sunshiny  days  relieve  the  long  continueil  rainy 
season  of  Washington  Territory.     Of  the  sixteen  winters  passed 
in  this  territory,  the  writer  has  known  but  llu'ee  so  severe  as  to 
render  it  essential  to   house   and   feed   stock.     .     .     .     Kosc 
))iishes  generally  have  proved  an  evergreen,  and  during  the  win- 
ter of  1860-61,  the  hermosa  continued  in  bloom  in  the  garden  of 
the  writer  till  the  twenty-lifth  of  January.     ...    An  average 
of  from  seven  to  ten  days  of  freezing  weather  may  be  hjfjked 
ibr  with  a  moderate  certainty,  when  ice  may  be  formed  su!liciently 
tiiick  to  bear  a  man's  Aveight.     Uiuler  most  favoring  circum- 
stances a  small  pond.    uUrdy  protected  from  the  wind,  may  be 
I'rozcn  thick  enoug:;   '      -icvmit  a  day  or  two  of  skating  to  a 
limited  number  of  p  ,     ,    .     Parties  fond  of  sleighing  consider 
themselves  especially     ..^icd  if  they  are  artbrded  a  season  o( 
from  three  days  to  a  week's  duration."  —  Ecans. 

Deeming  this  subject  worthy  of  general  circulation,  we  (juole 
some  items  from  the  local  press,  touching  the  mildness  of  oui- 
climate  and  its  efl'ects  on  vegetation.  The  Seattle  (W.  T.)  tri- 
weekly Intelligencer  of  Nov.  28,  1870,  says  :  "  Thanksgiving 
passed  off  very  (luietly  in  this  city,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Methodist  church,  where  a  respectable  audience  assembled,  and 
the  services  were  of  an  interesting  character.  The  Reverends 
J.  F.  Damon  and  S.  II.  Mann  olliciatiug.  .  .  .  Near  the 
leverend  gentlemen,  and  in  full  view  of  the  audience,  was  very 
tastefully  arranged  upon  the  stand,  a  fine  display  of  flowers, 
fruit  and  vegetable  productions,  gathered  on  that  day  from  the 
gardens  of  the  city,  consisting  of  a  variety  of  roses,  violets, 
daisies,  honeysuckles,  chrysanthemums,  bluebells,  snapdragon, 
hollyhocks,  marigold,  princess  feather,  nmllen-i)ink,  new  oats, 
white  and  red  clover,  ragged  robins,  ripe  and  in  blossom,  and 
young  grapes  —  second  crop,  to  which  Mr.  Damon  alluded  by 
way  of  supplement  in  his  discourse,  in  a  happy  manner,  referring 


S 


i 


iiiid  nrodiiclivc  soil." 

We  also  talu- the  IbUowini.  IVoui  tlu-  Olyn.i'u.  (^V  .     •)''=>•;■ 
...ii.t,  or  ..an.  l.^th,  1H70  :-'•  On  Monday  last  Mr.  U.  H-  N  oo-l- 
,,.,,;i   ol- Wosl  ()lvnn>ia,  sont,  into  this  o(ikH>  a  lu.u.incl  ..1   tlow- 
.,,;.  runtainino-  tw.nty-tw,.  variolics.  j^atheml  Iron,  ins  ..p.n 
.„^^,.,,,„  ,„.  „„a  „„,n,in:,s  .Ian.  KUl.,  1S7...     An^onj.  tlu-n,  .-.  no- 
U...I  tlu.  lollowin,  snnnnor   varieties  :~tlu.  myrtle,  n,an,oU  . 
,,.,isv    roses,   several   variotios,   llo^voring  cal.l.aoo,  ^vaHllo^^(•  . 
si.ellllowor.honevsnekUs  ehrysantlienuuns,  ci.an.onulc,  etc      II 
:.„V  other  place  on  the  ^dol.o  in    17  =  ,  north  latitn.le,  can  pnMluee 
Mu-h  a   seio<.tion  of  llowcrs,  twenty-two  .lillVrent  kinds    on    a 
snaee  ol"  Ic-ss  than  half  a  toun  lot,  in  the  «n.c"n  air,  on  tla-  east 
,;,„1  „ortl.  side  of  the  house.,   and  fnlly  exposed  to  the  n..rth. 
"novthoast  and  oast  winds,  lot  it  speak  ont  and  tell  its  st.ny. 
Mr.  Woodwanl-s  is  not  the  o,.ly  j,.uden   in  ^vlueh  l1o^vers  are 
[o  he  fonnd.     There  are  many  of  then,.     In  our  own  little  gar- 
den we  find  in  full  bloom  a  number  of  carnati(m  pinks.     A\h<. 
ean  beat  Olyinpia?"  . 

Rivers  J^Iauy  streams  rush  down  the  mountains,  penelia- 
,i„.r  the  l.iains  to  the  sound,  several  of  whieh  are  deep,  drainin- 
,ieh  iarmins,'  lands.  The  largest  are  the  Nootsaek,  l.u.nn... 
SNvinimish,  Skagit,  Stilaciuamish,  Skykomish,  Snohomish.  Ce- 
il.,,- White,  Dwamish.  Pu.iallup,  Nisqually  and  the  Des  Chutes 
The  rieh  bottoms  bordering  on  those  rivers,  the  broad  beneli 
lunds  fringing  the  mountains,  and  the  level  prairies  niargming 
t,,,  i.ea.l  waters  of  the  souml  alford  ami.le  iields  for  all  branches 

of  husbandry.  ,.     ^      ,„      ., 

•    Hon  Wm.  Pickering,  late  Uovernor  of  ^V  ashington  ierritoiy. 
i„  his  oUleial  message  to  the  territorial  legislature,  submitted  the 
followiiu^  information  to  the  >'  assembled  wisdom  :"   "  The  large 
t-xtent  ov  aooTcrate  amount  of  rich  soil  well  adapted  for  agn- 
.•nltural  puriK,ses.  loeate.l  in  the  western  half  of  this  territory, 
is  not  .renerallv  known  even  to  our  own  citizens,  for  many  parts 
,enuu.rundeveloped,  and  .are  rarely  visited  by  white  men      Let 
„,e  invite  vour  attention  to  a  few  statistical  facts  regarding  it. 
the  most  of  whieh,  from  personal  observation,  I  know  to  be  true, 
and  the  remainder  I  have  from  the  most  reliable  sources.     l?e- 
..iunino-  at  the  ncnthern  boundary  and  coming  south  along  the 
meandering  of  the  coast  and  Paget  Sound,  the  Nootsak  river 
lias  rich  lands  on  both  sides  for  'M  miles.  Luinim  C.  Sannsh  "-U, 


T.)  TrMii- 
15.  Wood- 

■i  (.r  tiow- 

llis  (illlMl 
iCMll  Wl"  UO- 

iiiai'i;j,olil. 
walltlowcr. 
0,  olc.  ir 
in  prodiirf 
iiiils,  till  :i 
un  the  oast 

I  tlu'  iiodli. 
its  story. 

Howors  ari' 

II  little  «>!U'- 
iiUs.     AViio 

lis,  pi'iu'lni- 
'p,  draiiiiiiji' 
k,  Luiniui. 
loiuish.  Ce- 
;)ea  C'luiti's. 
road  liPiK'li 
i  inarginiiiii' 
;dl  liraiK'lics 

)H  Territory, 
ibinittcd  tile 
"The  large 
ted  for  agri- 
lis  territory, 
•  many  parts 
L'  men.     Let 
regarding  it, 
iwto  be  true, 
onrees.     Be- 
th along  the 
ootsak  river 
.  Samisli  20, 


Skagit  ."j(>,  Stulaciiiainish  2r>,  Siiolionii.sli  2(',  Miykoiiii^h  lo. 
SiKKiiialine  40,  the  prairie  and  pass  "JO,  Cedar  river  2"),  tiie  rieii 
lands  lately  discovered  between  the  Cedar  and  Snoiiualmie 
rivers  50,  White  river  and  branches  40,  streams  cmi)t.ying  into 
Washington  and  S(iuak  lakes  20,  Dwamish  river  12,  Pnyalhip 
2(»,  Nis<iii!illy  ."),j,  Des-Chutes  20,  Chehalas  70,  AVyniishia,  Sat- 
soj>.  Black  rivers  and  lake  GO,  Skooknmchnch  and  trihntaries  C"). 
Johnson's  river,  I'mtulah,  "NVliisk-kah  and  other  tributaries  ol' 
(iray's  harbor  5."),  Nortii  river,  Willapo  uiid  other  tril)Utaries  o!' 
Shoal  water  bay  o'>,  Columbia  river  100,  Cowlitz  C"),  East  loik 
20,  Lewis  and  its  forks  oO,  Washugal  10,  Salmon  river  20,  on 
the  I'acilic  coast,  t^uenalt,  Raft,  Ohaklet,  Quelliheutes  and  otiier 
streams  'JO,  Okeko,  Claim,  Fisk,  Klwa,  IJungeness,  S(iuiin!>ay 
and  I'ort  Discovery  SO,  Chimicum  and  branches  JJO,  tril)utaries 
of  Hood's  camil  100;  making  in  all  i;]18  miles  of  rich  bottom 
lands,  ranging  from  two  to  live  miles  in  width,  together  with 
mimeious  small  creeks  with  equally  rich  soil  on  their  banks, 
averaging  about  a  mile  in  width,  making  about  400  miles  in 
length,  altogether  sulllcient  to  furnish  uj)wards  of  20,000  farm- 
in"'  families  with  IGO  acres  each.  Aiul  in  addition  to  all  this 
there  arc  innumerable  tracts  of  good  farming  soil  upon  tlu' 
table  lands." 

We  endorse  tliis  estimate  as  relialile.  (ioveruor  rickering  i-^ 
an  experienced  farmer  Irom  the  state  of  Illinois,  and  his  oi)iii- 
ions  arc  worthy-  of  resi»v;ct.  Hon.  S.  Ciurlield,  the  present  dele- 
gate in  Congress  from  AVashington  Territory,  and  former  Sui- 
vevor-tieneral  of  that  domain,  whose  opportunities  were  good  in 
oliseiving  the  farming  resources,  says:  '-The  valleys  of  the 
mountain  streams  which  come  from  the  mountains  and  empty 
into  the  Columbia  and  Pnget  Sound,  or  dis{;harge  their  water 
directly  into  the  ocean  through  Shoalwater  bay  and  Gray's  har- 
bor, are  very  rich,  and  suflicientlj'  numerous  and  extensive  to 
furnish  homes  and  farms  for  a  large  population  :  the  uplands  are 
either  composed  of  c-lay  or  gravel.  .  .  .  There  are  also  in 
this  region  extensive  ti<le-llats  easily  rt'dueible  to  a  state  of 
cultivation  and  inexhaustable  fertility." 

The  extent  and  capacitj'  of  our  farming  lauds  is  ample ; 
farmers  from  the  north  and  eastern  states  are  pleased  with  our 
soil,  and  arc  gathering  profitable  returns.  With  the  means  em- 
ployed for  tillage  and  raising  fruit,  the  products  of  our  lands  arc 

gratifying. 

o 


S 

1! 


..  The  mil.lncsB  and  humidity  of  tho  climate  i.iu.Uko«  .oun- 
vc.rvsn.ular  results  upon  vogetatiou  ;  often  potatoes  cabbages 
d  otlun- vegetables  are  harvested  only  as  last  as  they  are  ve- 
W.       for  irunily  use.    The  <.abbage   stalks  fron.   .lu.h 
1  have  been  cut  remain  standing  in  the  garden,  and  oiten 
^:duce  during  the  n>llo.ing  season  n.n  thrc. J.  seven  head, 
of  cabl^a-eto  each  stalk,  hard,  sound,  oxeellen  ,  but  not    is 
r.'    ast"hcnrsthead  produced.     Where  the  soil  is  goo.l  the 
Eduction  is  abundant,  and  that  too  .ith  nuxleratc  tillage, 
u'  s.en  potatoes  dropped  upon  the  unplowed  ground  covered 
V   h  a  sho  el-ploimh.  and  left  until  digging  time  ^v.thout  lur- 
r  :^uU  vl    m.    They  were  then  harvested  by  ploughing  them 
,n      husbrinoing   hemtu  the  surface,  and  the  yield  wi  h 
U^r^m   we    i^u^  ranged  IVom  .00  to  700  bushels  to  the 
.  !^'  There  are  portions  of  the  United  States  pos- 

:'    s;d  of  soii  more  uniformly  good  than  that  of  Washington 
TeiTitorv.     mi  for  variety  and  extent  of  resources  perhaps  no 
,  .      of    he  Union  equals  it.     Agriculture  and  stock-raising  are 
;    two  and  perhaps  not  the  most  important  of  its  elements  o 
'.mildiLpelity.    The  agricniltuial  -d  gn^siiig  ca^^- 
itics  of  the  country  can  yet  scarcely  be  estimated.     i>'^   '«  "^ 
nation  is  so  sparse,  the  process  of  culture  so  -'"ij^;  -^J^ 
necessity  for  husbanding  and  applying  fertdizcrs  ««  ligh    tlui 
utmie  can  yet  be  determined  in  regard  to  the  ciiltivab  e  or 
ss    o-  area  of  the  country,  or  the  possible  capacity  of  giving 
Tie       Ibr  production.    That  fruits,  flour,  beef,  mutton,  oats, 
wool  la  ley,  potatoes  and  other  inferior  products  may  1.  pro- 
uc  d  for  expirtation  in  immense  quantities,  no  one  residing  in 
tlL  country    eems  to  doubt.    The  winters  are  much  milder  and 
^:rtlin  upon  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  so  that  eoinjmra  -J 
little  of  the  products  of  the  summer  are  consumed  diung  that 
^^Ince  leaving  a  much  larger  portion  ^^^^^^^ 
t  ion     In  many  sections  of  the  country  no  provision  is  made  fo 
Serilig  or  iJeding  stock  during  the  j-lement  weaUu. ,  s.11 
however,  the  more  prudent  of  our  people  generally  pi  oMde  loi  . 
rXpeliod  of  frost  and  snow,  which  is  likely  to  occur  m  t.o 

-;;;^:  ^li^So^ve  every  in.imati.i  relative  to  our 
nnUl,  genial  temperature,  and  its  effect  on  vegeatio    an    lunna 
health'  we  append  the  following  exhibit  from  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey  for  the  winter  of  1  «(><>-'•<  = 


M 


iL'os  scmu' 
,  ca1)bnges 
icy  !ire  vo- 
\\\i\v\\  tllf 
and  oi'tou 
3V011  heads 
nit  not  as 

I  good  the 
tillago.  1 
id,  c'ovoiod 
itliout  fni- 
gliing  tlioiu 

yield  witli 
(hels  to  the 
States  pos- 
^Vashingtoii 
perhaps  no 
c-raising  are 
elements  ol' 
jing  capabil- 
Thc  popu- 
ple,  and  the 
10  light,  that 
niltivablc  or 
ity  of  giving 
mitton,  oats, 
may  Ik;  pro- 
e  residing  in 

II  milder  ami 
•oinparatively 
I  during  that 

and  exporta- 
in  is  made  for 
k-eathcr;  still, 
•  provide  for  a 

ocenr  in  two 

olativc  to  onr 
on  and  human 
United  States 


..'.I 


Su\ 

l>fii;. 

<  li'ur  il;i>^ 

.1 

It 

liiiy 

lay.. 

'.v.. 

KoKsy 1 

lay- 

.;. 

iiaiin. 

ill 

ll.S'.rJ  lllflll'1 

1).M'. 

.' 

;!. 

•-'.'.. 

'• 

;!. 

S.'JtK)      •• 

■lull. 

INIT. 

7. 

IH. 

■j^ 

T.riiit;    •• 

r.-b. 

•• 

'2. 

•Jl. 

•' 

•J. 

r..i!i7    •■ 

Mar 

.■ 

ti>i 

s. 

1. 

O.HW)      " 

A,.-| 

Totiil 

I'll  ill  fall, 

«. 

rH. 

. 

11. 

'.'.•^71      •• 

>i.i(x;  iiiciu- 

This  demonstrates  a  genial  elimatc  ;  we  have  a  largo  average 
of  elcar  daAs,  suflieient  rains  and  little  or  no  fogs. 

Geology.  No  thorough  geological  survey  has  taken  place, 
eonscqucntly  little  reliable  information  can  be  given  touching 
the  mineral  resources  vf  Washington  Territory.  Tlie  existence 
of  valuable  metals  arc  manifest,  and  copper,  silver  and  goMhave 
been  found  in  various  places  ;  coal  croppings  are  visiljlc  all  over 
our  valley,  which  fortifies  the  belief  tliat  the  wiiole  plateau  ol' 
Puget  (Sound  is  an  inexhaustible  bed  of  coal ;  several  leads  arc 
being  developed  in  localities  convenient  to  navigation.  A  riiii 
mine  in  the  vicinity  of  Elliot  liay,  on  the  eastern  shore,  is  now 
in  process  of  development.  Tliis  article  burns  clear,  leaving  no 
clinkers,  and  is  well  adapted  to  steaming  purposes  ;  it  lias  been 
chemically  analyzed  as  follows  : 


Cai'bon, 

Hydrogen, 

Nitrogen. 

Oxygen, 

Sulphur, 

Ashes, 

Water, 

Specific  gravity, 


.■)7.2I. 

■2M). 

7.50. 
1 (!.()(). 

-'.0(». 

H.OO. 

!),0(>. 
l..">0(». 


Practical  engineers,  wlro  have  useil  tin's  coal  on  steamers, 
say  that  "  it  kindles  quick,  burns  clear,  leaving  no  clinkers  and 
emitting  a  powerful  heat,"  Near  the  northern  boundary  in 
P.ellingham  bay,  a  mine  has  been  worlced  for  several  years  witii 
apparent  success.  This  lead  has  been  traced  back  for  several 
miles  with  indications  of  indefinite  limits  ;  it  has  Ijcen  delved  for 
nearly  1000  feet.  This  coal  is  bituminous,  burns  freely,  and  is 
largely  consumed  in  domestic  puiposes.  Chemically,  it  yields 
the  following  results : 

Specific  gi-avity,  -        -        -        1.300. 

Water,  (Hygroscopic),         -        -  r».CO. 

Dry  Coal, ' 5)4.40. 

Carbon, 74.41. 

Hydrogen,  ....  4,Go. 

Oxygen,  nitrogen  and  sulphur.      -         17.01. 

Ashes-—  red.         ...        -  :'..;)"». 


•n.is  umu.  is  .xtousivoly  >vo.koa.  nl.oul  11^..,  U>...   IkIu. 

"The  minoral  resources  of  Wasl.ington  Territory  are  =  read> 
U„own  to  be  eonsi.lerable  ;  eoal.  iron,  eoppor    lead.  ?<.!.    .uh 

er  are  known  to  exist,     m.et  Sound  valley  .s  the  ,rea  < 1 

;         ;..•  the  l'aeihe.e..al  havin,  already  been  diseovered.nu^ 
,„,„titieH  in  divers  loealities.  and  of  better  .,nah tythan  el 

,.e  upon  that  coast.     The  value  of  these  eoal  deposits, 
,  .,,  ,;,,.,.  .,pon  the  t.ture  nvanuiaetures  -^-^^      ;^ 
.u,d  extenud  eonnneree  of  the  I-aoific  Hh.pe,  cannot     et  1  e  lul  > 
:;;;;;oeiated.     An.illeoneedethat  they  are  p<.werful  elen.enls 
..r  ultiniati'  wealth  and  prosperity."  -  r?a,://eW. 

'n,e  "  forests  primeval"  fringing  Tuget  Sound  luue  obtau..d 
,,,    ,itv.    The  ee<lars  and  fir  trees  nurtured  in  U.ose  reg.ons 
:!:;«!;  and  n^ajestie.-     The  nK>st  V^^^rM  ..^.^.s^^^^ 
...>rth  ..btain  spars  for  their  ^var  vessels  on  our  shores.     Mu.h  ot 
n.ber  is  nuundaetured  and  exported;  vast  ..uant.t.es  ar 
^aZ  San  Francisco  in  constructing  buildings,  -hanes  a  d 
ther  structures;  it  is  generally  used  in  rei.au'.ng  and  bud  bug 
V.  t  ,•    raft,  for  which  it  is  well  adapted.     "  The  tunber  winch 
s  a  la  ge  proportion  of  the  surface  of  western  A  ash.ngton. 
:   tutes  a  present  and  increasing  element  of  wealth  and  p  o 
S y.     The  nK,st  valuable  kinds  are  fir,  cedar,  p.ne  an.  map 
No  one,  .hose  experience  and  observation  has  been  conhned 
the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  continent,  can  form  any  co«cept.on  o. 
e  n      nifieencl  of  our  forests,  remarkable  alike    or  then-  cx- 
t  nt  £   of  the  trees,  and  the  number  standing  witlun  a  g.e.J 
!^       The  fir  predominates  over  all  others  in  s  ze  nun.ber  and 
n^lness.    li  trees,  six,  seven  and  eight  t.et  i^;^--^-' 
n.ore  than  iJOO  feet  high  are  not  uncommon.     Ihcse,  howe^cl 
Te  <K  h  .^e  to  be  cut  Mo  hunber  profitably.    The  size  preferred 
i:  m  11-men  is  .Vom  thirty  to  R,rty  ind.es  in  ^-"-ter;  tre^ 
or  this  size  usuallv  afford  fro.n  70  to  200  feet  ,n  length  of  Uunk. 
e     von,  imbs  o;  dnmage.1  parts.    The  cclar  atta.us  a  d.ame- 
u..  ...ual  t.,  the  fir.  but  is  not  usually  so  tall ;  p.nes  and  oak 
.  \L■^^  smaller.     Land  affording  30,000  feet,  of  hunber  to  fh.. 
;;;;;i  considered  hardly  worth  <.utting  over;  f^ests  yu  d.ng 
„H>,000  feet  and  upwards  to  the  acre  are  conano  .   -  ^'^"i  "    ; 
Water-power.     The  mountain  ranges  on  both  sules  of  th 
.Id*"r^rtb  several  torrents,  which.  ^^  ^^^^^^^J^^ 
,.,..Uv    oulH.os.    ...trord     l.lenfy    wnlor-pow-r.      ibe    l)e.-(hufcs 


"I 

* 


ri-  iiliviuly 

rr<ll(l    Mllll 

•I'd  ill  liu'Ji*' 
.lliaii  i'lsf- 
posits,  ami 
li(^  iiiU-nuil 
■ft  lio  liiUy 

ll    clcllU'lltH 

\-v  ohliiiiic'l 

OSO    ITpl'lOllX 

ions   of  the 
^.     Much  of 
umtitioK  !M'c 
,vliarvi's  aii<l 
111(1  huiUVms 
.iuiltcT  wliiili 
Wusliin<fton. 
Itli  and  pro 
ic  and  mail 
II  conlinod 
I'onccption  of 

for  their  ex- 
ithin  a  <>ivi'ii 
',  number  and 
diameter,  and 
lose,  however. 

size  preferred 
ameter;  trees 
nigtliof  trunk, 
ains  a  dianie- 
iiies  and  oal<s 
■  lumlier  to  the 
wests  yieMinir 
n."  —  (larJh'M. 
til  sides  of  tiie 
ushin<2;  throusili 
he     l)e«-('liu1es 


r.l 

river,  at  liie  head  of  the  sound,  falls  over  a  level  riilge,  all'ord- 
hv^  sulllcient  power  to  move  all  the  mills  in  Lowell ;  other 
falls  are  latent  alonp;  our  shores  convenient  to  navi^'ation; 
"  other  men  in  other  times  "  will  liarness  these  mifihty  apencies. 
and  nmkc  them  subservient  to  the  wants  of  man. 

Indiiins.     The  ramilieations  of  waters  penetratinfi  this  valley, 
tlie   arms  and  peninsulas  dividiu};  this  sea.  the  dense  forests 
frin<);insr  the  secluded  havens  qiiicUened  with  elk,  deer  and  bear, 
the  trees  alive  with  pheasants,  fjrouse  and  pijreons ;  the  Imiad, 
level    jirairies,  dotted  with   mirror   lakes  —  f^enial   resorts   for 
ueese,  ducks  and  swans;  the  water  courses  teeniin<r  with  trou«. 
perch  and  smelt,  while  the  silvery  arms  of  the  sound  alford 
cod,  halibut  and  salmon,  and  even  the  mud-Hats  fairly  l)oil  over 
with  oysters,  clams  and  other  shell-iish.     A  country  tlnis  teem- 
in<^  with  Hi)ontaneous  luxurit's  alforded  an  earthly  jiaradise  to 
the  red  man,  who,  for  centuries  held  sway,  '•monarch  of  all  he 
surveyed"  in  this  romantic  domain,  faring  sumptuously  on  oil 
and  blul)ber.     In  this  therniid  land,  rich  in  roots,  .and  covered 
with  berries,  "the   poor  Indian"  idled   away  his  time;   "he 
toiled  not,  neither  did  he  spin,"  yet,  Solomon  in  his  temple  was 
not  greater  than  the  ''  Duke  of  York  "—  the  Chief  of  the  Claims, 
on   Tuget  Sound.     From  the  early  tr.iders  and  missionaries 
we  learn  that  the  Indians  have  dwelt  in  great  numbers  around 
this  calm  sea,  Imt  their  numbers  arc  "  growing  small  by  degrees 
and  liejiutifnlly  less."     The  extinction  of  the  Indian  in  our  ter- 
ritory is  simply  a  question  of  time.     Our  government  Im"  t  i cated 
them  with  commendable  kindness ;  large,  fertile  tracts  of  land 
have  ))een  specifically  reserved  to  them  ;  churches  and  schools 
have  been  reared  for  their  benefit,  and  healthy  progress  is  mani- 
fest among  the  remnant  surviving.    Our  Indians  display  some 
mechanical  talent;  they  dig  out  beautiful  canoes,  which  in  lines, 
symmetry  and  shear  cannot  l)c  excelled.     They  are  expert  >•  by 
llood  and  field,"  eitlier  in  trapping  the  coarser  flu-  animals  on 
the  land,  or  the  fine  otter  on  the  sea.     The  rich  l\irs,  so  abun- 
dant, enticed  the  early  tr.iders  to  this  coast ;  the  Spanish  were 
the  first  in  the  field.     In  1702  theylmilt  a  trading  fort  at  Neehn 
biiy,  (the  bricks  of  which  are  still  visible),  in  the  midst  of  the 
most  energetic  and  desperate  savages  on  that  coast.    The  Hud- 
son's liay  Comjiany  from  London,  established  a  trading  depot 
at  Nis(iually  in  1833  ;  clergymen  representing  ditferent  denomi- 
nalions  of  rhvislians  soon  followed.     In  1841  the  United  States 


t'.'J 

ovuloiin-  exDoailioM,  mulor  couniuu..l  of  Lioul.  Wilk.s,  visiua 
rXrSouua\uul.onuuncatlK..e  sevorul  .nonths,  dunn,  .hul. 
li,.;;  the  i.ri.uii.:a  chanuds  u.ul  luuhurH  won-  -^^^^ 

.  Aaor  the  .mnnK-ncinout  of  Ihc  l.n'«-ut  c.ntu.j  t h  u    h  no 
rconl  of  furtlu.-  <.,..aUons  .ilhin  those  -aU-rs  unta  the      - 
,.hUHh.nent,  in  183:^  of  tovi  Nis,uaUy,  near  ^'- '    "'^  ^J^"^^ 
Soun.1    bv  the  Hu.Isou'h  Hay  Co.np">'y-     1"  l'^''"''  ^*'^;''  *'' 
'u  s  one^of  the  two  pioneer  C'atholie  nnssionaries  to  On.gou 
Sa  Ld  labo.e.l  ainon,  ti>e  native  J""'-'.^;'-.;;  ^'i;;:;^ 
Sound,     lu  snceeeain,  years  he  an.l  others  ;'      ^  ^^^^^^ 
continnodtiiose  visitations;  no  i.ern.anont  .stabl.hhn.ents  >u  c 
1^      ri,hut  here  they,hu.tecl  the  sign  of  the  o.Hs  at  « 
Z2,  an  I  sought  to  n^ollify  the  asperities  of  heathen  burba   tj  . 
a     1  ti>c  .ay  for  the  .hite  raee  peaeefully  to  oeeupy  th o.e 
^^.     At  an  early  day  the  Hnits  of  those  ^^f^^T^^ 
u-tes  can  fuul  its  illustration  on  AVhitby  island,  by  the  In  lu,. 
ererug  a  large  house,  dedieated  and  .levoted  to  the  worslnp  o 
1  0    ivfng  C!.:i.     In  1H40,  Rev.  J.  V.  Uiehnu.nd,  of  the    regon 

M  t lodi't  Mission,  loeated   at  ^''-l'-^^-; ,/^""t,  Ues  oo 
United  States  exploring  expedition,  Capt.  HmrW  ^^  "-    com 
nmnding,  spent  the  summer  in  explorn.g  and  suneju.fc    hcs. 
Waters  •     B"t  hitherto  no  atten.pt  had  been  nuule  t.. 

estubli'sh  Au^erican  settlen.ents  in  the  r«gct  Sound  country. 

"m  vL  country  on  the  Paciilc  slope  between  42=  and  ni'  40 
north    was    by  He  terms  of  the  treaty  of  1«27,  held  m  jo.n 
oc«  by  the  subjects  of  Groat  Britain  and  the  eiUzens  o 
?,S,1  States      Several  bodies  of  emigrants,  pnne.palb 
riirf^rt  western  ^tat;.,.- p.vicn.ly  ^^^^^^^^^ 
nluins"   and  settled  in   the  valley  of    the  ^Vallamtt.      ims 
u lie  germ, ''  so.n  in  weakness,"  has  been  "  raised  u>  powen 
T      Hudson's  15ay  Company  held  possession  of  the  countrj 
i  1  o    th    lower'columbia  river,  with  their  chief  entrepot  a 
^     omantic  town  of  Vancouver;  they  had  also  a  cluuu  of 
radirLts  across  the  Puget  Sound  valley,    even    A.    mo 
BrWsh  Cobunbia.     The  diplonuUic  struggle  was  then  ragmg  for 
Uif'^ale  of  paradise."     The   British   government  nuule   an 
^.est  eLt  to  secure  the  free  navigation  of  the  Columb.a 
rr  ost     sibly  in  the  behest  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company, 

Webster's  eotavv  of  State,  eondueted  Iho  negotiations,  favor- 


iCH,  visitoil 
uiiijJJ  whiili 

tluTC  LS    11(1 

iitil  the  fs- 
.1  «)t'  I'ugot 

FatluT  Di" 
to  Oii'gtiu, 
L>H  of  Viij^i'l 

same  fuilli 
iiiK'uts  were 
is  at  various 
n  burbarily. 
)eeui>y  tlios*.- 
nis  niission- 

thc  IikVuu-.h 
10  worship  of 
f  tlie  Oregon 
g  1841,  the 
Wilkes  oom- 
veying  Uu^we 
uen  iiuule  to 
lid  country." 

"andni'Kt 
hchl  in  joint 
ic  citizens  oC 
s,  principally 

"  crossed  the 
laniet.  This 
icd  in  power." 
'  the  country 
:"f  entrepot  at 
jO  a  chain  of 
'ven  far  into 
lien  raging  for 
lent  made   an 

the  Columbia 
IJay  Company, 
'erritory.  Mr. 
tiations.  favor- 


m 

lug  the  proposition  in  consideration  of  larger  |iiivileg(s  licing 
cxteniled  to  the  New  England  (Ishernii'ii  in  llie  waters  bordiTliit;' 
tlie  inaritimc  provinces  in  IJritisli  America.  A\  ImInI  the  diplomats 
feasted  and  regaled  their  boon  companions  over  "  the  good  lime 
coming,"  a  fi!W  hardy  pioneers  from  the  Wailamet  ••  crossed  th<' 
Riibiccjii,"  and  entereil  the  promised  laml  on  I'nget  Suiind. 
'■Tiiey  came,  tliey  saw,  tiiey  con(|uered,"  and  laid  deej)  tiie 
foundations  of  the  future  State  of  "Washington. 

"•  Tiiose  [lioneers,  (iod  bless  their  memories,  were  living  «i|. 
nesses  tothe  inteffrityof  American  claim  to  tiiis  territory.  .  . 
Each  in  proper  person  liore  testimony  that  tlie  voyage  of  l)e 
Fuca,  the  labors  and  discoveries  of  (iray  and  Kendricks  in  the 
'Columbia'  and  'Washington,'  should  not  pass  for  nought. 
After  they  had  threaded  tlieir  wearisome  way  to  tlu'  Columbia, 
occupying  the  whole  season,  yet  the  pioneers  to  Puget  Sound 
were  ready,  at  the  opening  of  the  next  season,  to  renew  their 
Journey  and  carry  northward  to  these  shores  tlieir  families  and 
their  household  gods."  —  Evans. 

After  toils  and  privations,  the  early  pioneers  founded  an  im- 
perishable civiliz.ation  in  the  sunset  land,  in  accomplishing 
which  many  of  them  "  fell  liy  the  wayside,"  some,  through 
savage  perfidy,  sullered  "  many  deaths,"  some  perished  by  tlood 
in  the  frail  canims,  while  seeking  the  needs  of  life,  and  otliers 
died  in  humble  cabins.  "Heaven's  register  alone  contains  the 
record ;  humble  was  their  lot,  unheralded  and  modest  as  was 
their  labors,  unmissed  though  they  departed  from  this  scene, 
yet  the  world  received  benelit  by  their  having  lived  in  it.  Here 
and  there  deserted  cabins  silently  attest  what  these  heroic,  self- 
sacrificing  men  undertook.  What  risks  the  pioneers  incur; 
these  lost  of  earth  are  entitled  to  gratitude ;  their  labors  and 
their  loss  hallow  the  past  of  Tuget  Sound,  teach  us  more 
thoroughly  to  aiipreciate  the  I^'esent,  and  remind  us  of  our  duty 
to  those  who  in  time  succeed  us."  Such  is  the  pen-picture  of  our 
early  settlers,  drawn  by  Hon.  Klwood  Evans,  himself  an  early 
pioneer  to  our  territory,  and  a  prominent  "  hero  in  the  strife." 
From  humble  beginnings  small  colonies  liecamc  stronger,  an- 
nually reiileiiished  by  streams  of  determined  emigrants  seekiiij;- 
homes  and  a  country  in  the  region  of  the  setting  sun.  Those 
heroic  patriots,  reared  under  the  drippings  of  Freedonrs  sanctu- 
ary, immediately  implored  Congress  to  extend  self-government 
lo  them,  which  was  organized  in  Im.'j.'J.  with  the  classic  name  of 


.  Wuslunui.n.,'  whirl,  ^^v  still  onj.)> .     -Our  iu-o,.lo  >vuulol  lo 

,    ,"  (  5  ...  .ia.     No  ..the,-  .l.si,..utio,.  was  s,.,,.^t.l,  a..a  ^^ 

!.„l      ..oi,.c.i.lo..c...  tl..a  the  mu....s  or  the  two  f  »"•-;-  -- 

:,;^ia..i.n.sti.iuwo.iii.o.Mvuto.Hsi....iy..m-  K- 

:^    :  .n  .  'i  0.1  ..o..n..o..auhU.  ap,..o.iutio..  iVo...  11..-  co...........  - 

,, ,  ,,,  ,,voU..l  his  ....tiu'  o,.c.,-,i..  to  o..r  you..,  to m- 

;;     I     .   th.  ,..u..pl..rnalia  of  ,ov..,.......t  1..  HU...-esst,.l  op.- 

•  ,       h .  an..w:uas  ..c,,.vs.uU..l  o..r  tor.ilo.y  to.  two  sosh.....s 

J<      I,.  tlu>  war  of  tlu"  »<-».dlio..  h.   .■o....ua..ao.l   a 

;4ltla'   ul!;a:;;a...lontl.c..Wa.Uy.U.iaorn.a..Ulh. 

^"  An.rust    IHC.  he  iVll,in..fl.  to  th.!  n'-vot  ol   ..ur 

'  'T";;;;;..;;.-' -;^     1    m  lis  n.o...o.-y  is  ...l..  >..  l.loasa,.t  .V. 

;;-«n.toll!:i:sLunaidaiais...i..s;li..a.,a^ 
'"protects  a,.a  th.  laws  a.v  l......a...ly  c.xoc...t.<l  a...l  gcerall, 

"'*)i;^*''^"  .  ...ul  ritips      Om-  hardy  i.io..fors,  haviu-  iwlai.....! 

Towns  ai  I  <-»"'^-         "     ,„,l  l.avius  unvat  faith  iu  its  f..- 

U,s  .l.....a...  •'-;   ';,;;    :^  ;::    '  ,  u;i...lios,  hau.  laia  o..t 

":? :::;;;;,.;;: '^lu^  a:a  :^ti.s  o..  the  ...a..iu  or  t..e  so...., 

^'';:;;;:;^r^;atsit....teaatthej....eti..^ 

,,  ;    ...a  Aa...iralty  L.lot.     The  ,res...t  V,..s.noss  i..ut  ol  t h 
,  built  o.,  a  low  beach,  i..m.e<U..tely  adjo.......  wh.eh   s 

1  h.ff  upou  this  elevation  is  fouivl  the  res..le>ices  oi  the 

'   •  "         u^ma  ie  hospital,  churehes,  sehool.ho.,ses,  etc.     :ri.e 

'       "   r'"';  !l  r  the  ruU  Sou,ul  district  is  locate.!  ui.o..  the 

^r^,t:^^  ^vei...  .hippm,  is  co...pone<l  to  cte. 

^^  t  ;^:S-  KlUot  bay,  o..  the  easten.  shore  of  A.- 

•rlv  1.  let  near  the  month  of  the  Dwamish  river.     A  fert.le 

;:"tVm  mi"g  la..ds  is  ccwenient  to  this  place   >vnch  .s 

,,    mw\.p     The  coal  mines  in  the  vicinity,  and  the  nu- 

Zl  !^uS  >^Us  and  logging  camps  adjacent,  contribute 


waiiU'tl  I" 
ocl,  luul  iti^ 
in'ii«'iin  vi's- 
:\i  tin'  *Jiil_\ 
'  —  Kvani*. 

AViu\  war  lit' 
looomiimml- 
yoiuifi  U'lii- 
•ct'ssrul  opt- 
L\V()  Hossioiis 
)miiuu\(l*'<l  !i 
orClumtilly- 

•I'f^Vl't   of   <»lll' 

jiU'iiHunt  IV- 
Leifitory,  jukI 
ami  proiM'ilx 
[Will  [^ciK'iall.v 

inif  I'tvlaiuu'il 
lith  in  its  fii- 
luivc  laiil  oiit 
lOf  the  Sou  111  I. 
ir()fi;rc«s.  Wt' 
eiition  of  oin' 
iR'i'd  to  locate 

tilt'  Strait  Df 
ss  part  of  tlu' 
n<r  whkh  is  an 
iidenccs  of  tlic 
ises,  etc.  ^rho 
•atoil  uiion  the 
[K'llod  to  entor 

I  shore  of  Ail- 
•iver.  A  fertile 
place  which  is 
ty,  and  tlic  nu- 
ccnt,  contribute 


iiUjtely  lo  the  p^>^pl•^ily  t)l'  IIiIh  cit\.  Miin\  mat  (l\velliii;'«  aif 
vjsiMc,  nnij  licaltliy  prou;n"«s  is  uiaiiife.Ht  in  every  tlirccliuii, 
'I'he  S«'allle  (\V.  '['.)  Inlvlliijcnvfr  of  July  Ix.  1^7(1,  say-.  "  I<m>I 
year  there  were  cuiistrueted  in  this  eity  one  (lunch  (('alliolic). 
I'leNcn  liuildiufTs  for  stores,  and  thirly-scM'n  one  and  two-sloiy 
ihvellinLj-housi's,  liesides  xinic  twenty  smaller  liuililiuL;*'.  'I'liis 
year,  up  to  the  present  time,  there  have  liccii  Imilt,  and  in  |iro- 
ccKM  of  eonstnietiou.  on*'  ehureh  (K|iise<>pal).  one  pnhlie  school- 
iiousc.  thrti'  warehouses,  several  ImsinesH  housi's.oiu'  livi'iy  ami 
xale  stahle.  and  foity-ci^iht  one  and  t«o-stniy  d\\elliiijj;-h()Mst-. 
stime  of  llicm  i|iiiti'  i'\pensi\i'  struetuics.  hcsidis  nn  imuisu;iI 
iiumlieidf  small  ti  iicmcnts.  'I'wo  or  tluci'  of  our  holds  have 
lieen  jiri'atly  enlaruid  ami  impro\iil  to  arcommodale  tluir  in 
I  reasin^j;  liusincss." 

Steilaeoon  is  lo(  ali'ij  on  the  I'asliru  shore  of  I'li^et  Soimil,  aii<l 
has  lonjj;  lieeii  a  depot  for  nhippin^  HtoeU  ;  it  possesses  facilitie'^ 
for  eonuiien'*' and  shiphnililing-.  (Jood  farniiiijj:  land  and  stock 
ran<ies  border  on  this  placi'. 

Olympia  is  siluateil  near  the  head  of  navi<j;ation.  and  is  e(|ui- 
distant  from  se\i'i'al  prominent  jilaei's.  The  eapilol  of  the 
territory  is  locateil  at  this  town  ;  the  federal  an<l  l«'rritorial  otli- 
eers  hold  their  ollices  iieri'.  The  Legislature  assembles  and  the 
Supreme  Court  hold  animal  terms  at  the  capital.  The  mails  are 
daily  distributed  at  this  point.  All  the  elements  conlributinn 
lo  the  development  of  this  central  metropolis  imparts  steady, 
healthy  i)ro5;'ress  :  nearly  lod  buildin,us  wei'c  constructed  dnriuL; 
the  year  1H70.  We  iippcnd  the  cen>us  repoi'l  foi'  1x70.  a-< 
follows  : 

Ninuber  ol'  dwcilinji^.         ....      ;;(;n. 
Families.  ....      ;',;;,",. 

•'  White  males.  -        -         -         72(1. 

••      feniidcs.  -         -  I  III. 

ColM  males.     -         -         -  [•>. 

"   femah's.  -         .  Id. 

'I'otal  within  the  city  limits.        .         .         lliil. 

We  devote  jireatcr  space  to  the  dcvelo|Pmenl  of  this  iihsr. 
Iieiufj;  the  capital  and  one  of  the  lirst  settled  towns  'r  our  teiri- 
tory.  Our  fair  readers  will  notice  the  urei'  disparii »  existiuj;' 
between  males  and  females  ;  this  inviiiiaiii;,  is  still  more  appa- 
rent in  other  les.*  Iinorcd  localities.  We  submit  these  fi^iu'cs  to 
such  ladies  us  are  willing  to  "  chaniie  their  names."  and  inxite 

9 


iw; 


;.,  *    ra.lo  ..nUn:  thovo :  s.  voral  nulls  :u..l  a  taunny  a,v  i.. 
:a::i;.c'iiun.     Tins  ,.la.n.o.sess.s  „vain.cUitu.s.. ...,...„.. 

.,-;:,:!  a.v.lopnu.t<.-.  a  o..  inn....  an..as.np^^ 

,,„,„,mls   of  nu.n.     Tlu-   hnn.   of  nmclun.n     th.  (lank.n     . 
::,,..an<ltlK.son,sort.K.s.anu.nlnnn_.ons^n.an^ 
,,,U  of  llH"  Uival  mills  and  at  th.  c.al-nnnrs.  Hum  •  an  Mlla^i. 
i'    non,    no  to   .U.»   inhaMtants.     Tlu-   nnpn.v.nu.n  > 
llv^o.ls  in  Ih.  null  v.o,..i.tors.  an,l  nsnally  .ons,s  s  „, 
"  nason>o   ..SU1HK.S.  and  ...n.n.tahU.  ..>us.s    o,M  o^^^ 

'  i„  ,„.,  .hont  tlu.  ,uills.  a  hold,  stoiv.  snnth-sl  ops.     <  •• 

:;;  •     „    to  th...  l.nshu>s  an.l  lovnun,  oach  a  ..unn.nuu  y  .Ulnn 
t 'Jl  At  all  those  points  th.  Inun  of  nnu-hnuTV  .. 

Inst'ant'.  11..  ...1110  of  Inmbov  eo,.tinnuns  thro.,ohnut  Iho  .lay  as 

:   "on  f.on.  11.0  n.ill  .Ih'ooUy  into  tho  v.ssol.  pyo.M.t.n^ 
;;.:vsoo..oinoont..stlolho.loopsolit...U.-..,.u.^m^^^^ 

r.„;s1s  bolbvo  11.0  aav....t  of  .ivili/at.un  ho.'o.   -Mx>  ■ 

V.sl  rosouroos  aro  now  h.U.nl  in  this  f.no  valloy  :  ooal.  uou. 

.opn^       Uvov  a..a  .old  sh.u.hor  h.  onr  hills.     The-  n..,ht,-  to,- 

:  n^.shi.,.    i..   mad   oan...  U.  Iho  so...kU  Iho  la  1  ocdar  ., 

.,„„uh.nl  h    o.u-  lowhu.ls,  the  n.u..orons  hanHyoo.  s-n,apU . 

:  ^       "h  and  olhov  mrnishing  nndo.ial  rolli..^  ,n   he-  swa...ps. 

V.   UvoalU.  ann..allv  .  aslin,  in  thoso  rogions  s.lonl  y  ...y.  .. 

V  I,,  0..1      '-Tho    xMlars.  ...aplos  and  olho,-  woods  ol   thy 

;::;;;;r:ti  oxoonom  .aio^ai ..  11.0  >>;-f --;^,;;;;;;: 

unv  onamonlal  house  linishing,  sashos.  doors.  tl.nd>.(h..ns. 
;;;;:;  and  pails,hosido  11.0  cuUossvavioly  o  otl.o.  a.l.oles  o, 
wood  consnniod  l.y  modern  soo.ety.   --  ^-'"^'''^  .,,ee.sil,le 

The  hn..o  f.r  trees  so  abundant  in  o..r  valley  aid  so  ;>^Y;'^  , 
t.      V    "lion. have  been  n,ade  lo  son.o  oxtenl  subservient  loth 

;:  ':i  oon.n.eroo  ;  this  wood  is  "--^'7-^^-7^;;;;:! 
.snorled  in  vast  r,.,antilies  1.,  the  uttermost  ends  ot    ho  0  .ill. 
X\L  te.to.1  bv  naval  eonslruolors  at  homo  and  abroad,  and 

;;;L,.ded  ibr  shipbuilding. "  ^^^^^ ^^  ^^  ^^ ;':^^x 

,.,hlo   b.it  vorv  stronu-,  possessing  the  .luality  ol    s.tiuss  ... 
:      ,      Ih  dJ^reo.     1  have  not  at  hand  the  stalon.o,.t  show.ng 
,.;  Itrength  of  this  timber,  but  must  rel^r  you  to   he  .^.or^  o 
U.S..  made  at  the  Tuitod  Slatvs   navy-yanl  al  Ma.e    Island 


m 


i;; 


i!  .siiiiMa  liiiiii. 

fulls."     foil- 

limiuTV  !<iv  ill 

itk's  lor  luiuui- 

tlu'  soiiiiil.  ill 
'iiij)loviiu'nt  to 
[('  cliiiikiiiii'  ol' 
it  imisic.     ••  At 

'IV    IIR'  villll!il> 

iinprovi'iii*'"*^ 
iilly  consists  (il' 

)11SCS     lor     tllOM' 

iiith-sliops.vtr.. 
iniiuinity  witliiii 
1)1'  iimfliiiuTy  is 
;li(mt  the  (Ifiy  ms 
c'l.  prosiMitiiiir  : 
ling  in  tlu'  liU'til 
-  Meeker. 
Hoy  :  t'oiil.  ii'""- 
Till'  miirlity  toi- 
lu>  lull  fi'iliir  so 

woods  —  nuiplo, 
)•  in  the  swaniiis. 
IS  silonlly  invites 
IT  wooils  of  the 
ifiic'tun-  of  fnini- 
s.  lilinds.  ilinnis. 

other  ai'tifk's  of 

a. 

iiiul  !50  ticci.'ssil)li' 
snliscnionl  totlir 
'(1  c'xtonsively  aiul 
n(l8  of  the  earth  : 
nciindahioail.iinil 
R-r  is  not  only  *lii- 
ity  of  stitfnoss  in 
itatonient  sliowiii}: 
u  to  the  reports  of 
it  Mare    Ishin<l    in 


('allloinia.     'Hiosc  lesls  proved   il    to   lie  stronger  tiian  wiiiie 
oak."  —  Garjidd. 

Spars  of  stately  proportion'-  are  altiindant  and  are  exported  in 
cargoes;  the  governments  of  tlie  leading  inaritiine  eonntries 
have,  for  years,  obtained  spars  here  for  tlieir  navies.  The  lleets 
ol'tlie  world  may  enter  onr  Avaters,  rid(^  in  perfect  seonrity,  and 
proeni'e  repairs  in  hull  or  spars  at  short  notice  at  low  figures. 

•"  Tiie  Inmherof  riiget  Sound,  in  proportion  to  itspoimlation. 
is  already  enormous.  There  is  not  more  12,000  to  l.'i.OOO  in- 
liahitants  resident  upon  tlie  Sound  and  its  tributaries.  This 
population  e.xports  more  than  l.")5,000,000  feet  of  hinibi'r  ainni- 
ally,  itesides  20,000.000  laths  and  shingles,  and  a  large  amount 
of  piles  and  spars.  These  prodnets  of  the  forest  are  sent  to 
California.  South  America,  the  Sandwich  Islands,  Australia. 
{ 'hina  antl  Europe.  Large  (luantities  of  spars  have  been  shipped 
to  Europe,  many  of  which  wore  furnished  by  contract  for  the 
French  navy;  those  designed  for  lower  masts  were  required  to 
be.  when  hewn  into  octagonal  shape,  120  feet  long  and  42  inches 
diameter  at  a  point  forty  feet  from  the  lower  end.  Peihaps  no 
other  existing  forests  could  furnish  spars  of  such  gigantic  size, 
and  certainly  not  at  the  prices  for  which  they  ean  bo  afforded 
upon  ruget  Sound."  —  Oarjleld. 

This  branch  of  industry  operates  twenty  saw-mills  of  dilferent 
capacities,  and  laO  logging  camps  and  other  establishments, 
which,  combined,  creates  remunerative  demand  for  farming  pro- 
duce, oxen,  beef,  pork,  lard,  butter  and  lish,  while  skilled  labor 
is  better  rewarded  than  in  any  other  country.  Annexed  are  the 
statistics  of  Puget  Sound  collection  district  for  the  year  ending 
•luneSO,  1870: 

iMi'OKTS.  —Value  of  goods  li'.iportcd  from  foreign  cojiitrlos,  ;s.i;'.,10r): 
amount  of  duties  collected,  ^14,820. 

Exi'ORTS  OF  DoMKSTic  riiODVci;.  —  ValuG  cx])ortcd  in  American  ves- 
sels, .$2S>1,0005  in  foreign  vessels,  $149,90r.;  total  export  to  foreis" 
ports,  f  440,915;  viz. :  live  animals  of  all  khids,  Si43,713:  Innilier  of  all 
kinds,  8266,288;  all  other  articles,  $130,9l'(. 

TONXAOK  UKLOXfUXr.   TO   THK  DISTIUCT. 

f)2  sailing  vessels,        ...        -        tons    1.1,7 ll.O!'. 

19  steamers, •'         2,01.5.87. 

8  scows  and  barges,  -        -        -        -  ••  140.77. 

89  Total  tonnage,    -        -  15,807. 7!!. 

Vkssels  Clkaked  Drnixa  the  Year.— American  vessels  for  foreign 
countries:  115  steamers,  4  ships,  13  harks. 2  brigs,  13  schooners  mid  2 


■m 


sloo...  'IV'tal:  v.-sels,  MO;  ton.,  n5,C00.l'5;  crew,  -',105.  ron''K" 
.e""oWfo  ovc.isucoun;rlcs:  C  steamers,  IC  ships,  0  barks,  a  sloops, 
•n^  vessels,  31;  tons,  19,227.42;  crew.45C.  American  vessels  coa>- 
' -1  •  •")  st-amers,  11  .ships,  18  barks,  lorig,  9  schooners,  'lota  :  ncs- 
:C  'c>S-  tZ'nh.n ;  crew,  1.092.  Total  number  of  vessels  cleare.l. 
•'IS-  tons,  100,013.41;  crew,  3,053. 

■  Vf  s^.  KN^KLKD  DrmNO  T.no  YKAU.-Americau  vessels  »ron.  fo.e^n 
..ouScs  95  steamers,  1  ship,  10  barks,  1  brig,  18  schooners,  22  sloop  • 
•10  a  vessels,  147;  tous. 89.640.06 ;  crew.  1,852.  Foreign  vesselsfrom 
.^'igncom^trics:  C  steamers.  7  .hips,  3  sloops,  '^al :  ves-l^^^  •  - 
ons  5  306  57-  crew,  G2.  Americans  vessels  coastwise:  ..9  steamoTs, 
n,p'r43  b^rks,  3'brigs,  C  schooners.  Total :  vessels  109 ;  tons  .,- 
.-,01.18;  crew,  1,853.    Total  number  of  vessels  entered,  2-2;  tons,  lon. 

''nuli'Si^dc  belonging  to  other  ports  there  aje  1  ship.  .2 
b'uks   1  brig,  4  schooners.    Total:  vessels,  18;  tons,  7,7fil.-o. 

The  value  of  shipments  coastwise  cannot  be  obtained  from  any  othei 
so  -  ^e  tMn  the  mifls  from  which  the  lumber  Is  shipped  as  the  vessels 
.1.,  „„i  clear  from  this  port  unless  sailing  under  a  register.  1  he  >  tai  s 
iin^  ccL^wise  is  estimated  at  three  millions  of  dollars ;  being  an 
e  s  ov  e^^^^^  preceding  year  of  nearly  three  hundred  thousand  cV,^- 
.Ir^  Imports  coastwise  cannot  be  ascertained,  as  the  vessels  are  no. 
obliged  to  report  at  the  Custom  House,  except  in  certam  cases. 

ShiplmiWina  !'!'«  l'f"i  i>i!X"5?"i-atoa  on  r.igot  Somul.     'llu' 
,U,,se  lovosts  <.!•  r.rs  IVingin-  our  waters,  the  tall  trees,  tlie  close 
.,,ain.  lUe  l.eiulino-  elasticity,  and  the  eheapness  of  tlic  inatenai, 
ren.ler.  this  vaUev  the  shipyard  of  the  north  Paeitie  coast.       n 
1,SG7.  the  board  oV  nmrine  underwriters  of  San  Francisco  uist.- 
,„U.d  an  inquiry  into  the  facilities  lor; and  the  cost  of  sh.plnn  d- 
•n.o-  on  the  northwest  coast,  as  cnnpared  witli  eastern  shipyards 
TlTe  facts  developed  by  these  enquiries  were,  that  vessels  could 
1,0  built  of  the  timber  Ibund  on  that  coast,  all  other  Inush  bein- 
the  same,  at  a  less  price  than  on  the  Atlantic  «.aboar<    or  the 
Jhitish  islands.     The  committee  appointed  reported  that      11  o 
growth  of  the  business  has  also  been  hindered  by  grave  doubts 
;,s  to  the  strength  and  durability  of  our  llr-s  when  used  as  shq. 
limber.     The  predilections  of  all  American  and  English  .ship- 
wri.dits  are  naturally  for  oak ;  but  oak  has  been  scarce,  or  rather 
the°oak  of  this  coast  has  sonerally  been  found  worthless  for 
lliese  purposes,  wliile  only  the  laurel  has  been  found  suitable  as 
M  substitute  for  it.     SuMicient  time  has,  however,  elapsed    o 
prove  to  us  that  we  luavc  several  kinds  of  ship  timber  m  the 
■vreatest  abundance,  and  of  a  size  and  quality  in  every  way 
better  adapted  for  ship  building  than  the  timber  used  for  man\ 
vears  back  on  the  eonst  of  Maine  or  the  r.ritish  Trovmce.. 


.  rorois" 
,  a  sloops, 
sscls  coast- 
rotal:  vos- 
icls  cleaved , 

i-oni  foieign 
3,  22  sloops, 
vessels  from 
vessels,  Hi; 
9  steamers, 
9;  tons,  5.',- 
;  tons,  100.- 

i  1  ship,  12 
[.25. 

mi  any  other 
the  vessels 
The  year's 
rs ;  being  an 
honsand  dol- 
iscls  are  not 
ases. 

ound.  Till' 
PS,  the  fliisc 
he  matcrinl, 

•  coust.  Ill 
iK'iHC'o  insti- 
ol'  shipl)uiM- 
•n  sliipviuils. 

OSSC'ls    C'OUlll 

•  jhiisli  lnMH^' 
.1)oar(l  or  llu' 
1  thiit  '•  The 
j-ravc  doublH 
used  as  shii" 
English  sliip- 
irce,  or  rather 
worthless  for 
ul  suita1)lf  as 
T,  elapsed  to 
thnlier  in  the 
in  every  way 
ised  for  inim.\ 
'I'oviiifos. 


litl 

"Tiio  rod  and  yellow  fir  trees,  wliieli  eonstitiile  altoiiloiio-h:ilr 
of  the  dense  giowtii  of  timber  of  Oregon  and  Washington  Ter- 
ritory-, have  lieconie  eelebrated  tlirougliont  tiie  world  for  their 
magnificent  projjortions  and  tiie  servieeabU;  quality  of  the  spars 
and  Inmlier  supplied  from  them.  They  frequently  furnisli  sticks 
150  feet  long,  10x18.  and  even  21::21  inches  square,  witliout  a 
particle  of  sap,  without  a  rent  or  check,  perfectly  sound  and 
straight.  Planks  of  tiiis  limber,  CO  and  90  feet  long,  are  readily 
ubtainalfle.  tiins  avoiding  the  necessity  for  more  than  one-third 
to  one-half  as  many  butts  or  scarfs  in  a  siiip's  sides,  decks,  or 
fore-and-aft  limbers  as  are  retiuired  in  liastern  or  European 
vessels.  As  to  the  strength  of  these  woods  many  mechanics 
tiiink  it  fully  e([ual  to  that  of  the  Eastern  white  oak,  and  they 
all  agree  that  if  oak  lie  stronger,  nothing  is  easier  tlian  to  use 
enough  more  of  our  lir  to  make  up  the  difference  in  strength. 
In  some  other  respects  the  fir  has  the  advantage  over  oak.  It 
contains  just  enougii  pitch  to  enal»!e  it  to  liold  iron  fastenings 
with  a  tenacity  so  great  tliat  bolts  and  spikes  generally  lireak 
before  they  will  draw  out  of  it.  Iron  never  Itecomcs  '  sick ' 
when  embedded  in  it,  as  it  does  when  corrodetl  ))y  the  acid 
which  saturates  all  kinds  of  oak.  As  to  it'  durability,  we  know 
that  although  it  has  not  yet  been  tested  as  the  sole  nniterial  ol" 
a  guano  or  pepper  ship,  yet  it  has  l)cen  extensively  used  for  new 
timbers,  planking,  ceiling,  decks,  keelsons  and  stancheons,  in 
large  vessels  repaired  on  the  coast ;  it  has  been  the  sole  material 
used  in  building  our  coasting  and  river  schooners  ;  it  has  built 
the  Chrysojyolis,  Yoseviite,  Capital,  Geo.  S.  Wright,  John  T. 
Wright,  and  many  other  river  steamers.  It  has  been  used  in 
doubling  and  rebuilding  all  the  old  steamers  on  this  coast,  and 
Kc  have  never  yet  inet  a  ship-master  vho,  during  ourfjtcen  years 
(if  this  experience^  has  complained  of  its  vmnt  of  durability." 

The  gravellj'  prairies  adjacent  to  the  sound  are  thinly  tim- 
bered with  pasture  oak  ;  this  timber  is  close  grained  and  elastic  ; 
the  trunks  of  those  trees  arc  generally  too  short  for  keel  pieces, 
keelsons,  beams  or  planks,  but  are  long  enoiigh  and  well  adapt- 
ed for  stem,  stern  and  rudder  posts,  windlass  barrels  and  pall- 
bitts,  catheads,  davits,  chocks,  jaws  and  cleats ;  the  limbs  and 
branches  afl'ord  good  materials  for  lioatbuilding.  Ash  abounds 
on  our  river  bottoms  convenient  to  the  shores ;  this  wood  is 
suitable  for  staves,  hoops,  hanks,  oars  and  paddles.  Elm  in 
moderate  qiutntities  is  also  oonvonient,  from  wliicli  Jilocks  and 


:  rf  n  nuber  u.ukr  imy  IVct  in  length,  suitable  ic.  bc^n  , 
nbcr  rails,  stcn,,  Btern  an.l  rtKlder  ,>osts,  n.ay  be  obtamcd  t 
o^  ^t^isbmonts  at  six  dollars  .  kcol-pioces,  keelsons  be     >, 

^:;::elann>s  an.  ceilings  oMir.n^b-cl-^^;-^^ 

at  ten  dollars  in  coin  per  thousand  'f'^^l'^h^asc.  h.n. 

,„ills  several  largo  vessels  have  been  Innlt ;  '»    '^    ^^f  ;,^^,:, 

l,„ubor  is  required,  for  whieh  higher  hgnres  t  •  -n  ^  >»;^  '1"^^; 

c-oUeeted    twelve  dollars  (eoin)  Tor  rough,  and  twenty  foi 

lanod     r    nn  ber  per  thousand  feet,  arc  the  pnces   usua  ly 

;j:r;dtshiptinLr,spa...yu^^^^^ 

X^  XI  the  ,naterials-Ueels,  keelsons,  ^^'^fern  a.  .^«  a. 

be  had  witn  u.     h-imi-  ^""  „„  frtn«pnnld 

oheapcr  than  the  needed  materials  for  avessel  ol  100  tonscould 

be  procured  in  Boston,  Mass. 

.  A  portion  of  the  timber  grown  and  lumber  manufactured  .n 
the  ^tS  of  Puget  Sound,  is  being  worked  up  in  he  reg.ou 
o    it     pS^^^^^^^  P-IU,  and  the  amount  >s  steaddy  on 

the  inc  ease     Shipbuilding  is  rapidly  on  the  increase  and  des- 
T  become  one  of  the  important  industries  of  the  coun  r^  . 
STl^^  ^-eport  of  the  San  Francisc.  Boa^  of  unde.^ 
^Htex^recently  made,  covering  both  the  qnabty  and  du  ab  h 
'' V^"^'!       i"' „,1  the  COM  of  construction,  has  very  matenalh 

l«;:;fL;a..uJ,ui!.vuf  .Utc  oal<,  ™a  hd..,  r.*m,«  I.C.- 

'"DJ>.r»**urn  on  l'»g=t  Sound,  «ome  "".v  «'!*  ;„7, 
l,„m  some  rogbtorinR  «00  ton,  ,  a  .hip  al>l>roacbu,g  1000  ton 


siniltlo  i>i;i- 
[he  HUiiilU'i" 
V  iiianagoil, 
low  fljfurcs : 
!  Ibv  beams, 
obtaivictl  :it 
sons,  beiuls, 
may  bo  had 
large  steam- 

I  eases  long 
.hose  (iiioteil 
il  twenty  for 
ices  usually 
mg  to  length, 

observation 
ists,  wc  con- 
u  ani'  nulder 
iUinK-elanii)s. 
.  the  ordinary 

II  vessel,  may 
.  quality,  and 
00  tons  could 

mufacturod  in 
in  the  region 
s   steadily  on 
ease  and  des- 
if  the  country, 
card  of  under- 
and  durability 
rery  materially 
luceded  that  fir 
)  possesses  the 
fastening  'jet- 
ty vessels  were 
hing  1000  tons 
,  arrived  at  San 
,  27th,  says : 
'  appreciation  of 
tlu>  sliapp  of  !*ua- 


ucstive  newNpniiers  i)an<iKi'a|ilis  ami  iniisazliic  urlleU-s  liave  linil  snluttio 
ctlc'cts;  giving  encouragc'inent  anil  wholesome  advice  to  lumbermen  Mm', 
landowners,  wliicii  liave  not.  been  unheetlnd.    'Die  Innnccliato  or  pros- 
pective value  of  any  class  of  timber  once  dcmoustraleil  I)eyon(l  reason- 
able doubt,  that  timber  commands  respectful  attention  from  all  imrtieN 
Interested  in  the  lumber  business.    The  many  are  naturally  eager  to 
avail  themselves  of  tlie  discoveries  of  tlic  few.    Attention  Is  concen- 
tratcd  upon  tlie  tiniijer,  and  experience  constantly  i)rlngs  to  light  some 
new  quality  or  chance  for  utilization.     It  Is  unplea.'sant  to  constantly 
lecture  tlie  people  upon  their  general  neglect  and  Inertness  In  regard  to 
I'acitlc  slope  resources;  but  a  good  excuse  Is  found  in  the  practical  de- 
velopment it   is  calculated  to  accelerate.     .\s  a  derider  resort,  then, 
there  Is  justlllcation  in  forcing  local  recognition  of  comparatively  local 
resources.    In  this  connection  none  can  begrudge  Messrs.  Melggs  .vi 
(iawley,  San  Francisco  lumber  merchants,  the  meed  of  inalse  to  which 
they  are  justly  entitled.    They  have  not  only,  in  common  with  other 
lumber  llrnis,  erected  saw-mills  on  tlie  I'uget  Sound  coast,  but  have 
taken  a  notable  new  departure  by  constructing,  at  Tort  Madison,  (W.'l'.) 
the  largest  and  handsomest  specimen  of  marine  architecture  ever  pro- 
duced from  tlic  resources  of  this  coast.    The  vessel  is  alilie  a  remark- 
able demonstration  of  the  shipbuilding  resourcrs  of  I'uget  Sound,  and 
a  credit  to  the  gentlemen  whose  energy  and  enterprise  have  carried  this 
undertaking  to  completion  during  the  unusual  depression  to  whicli 
business  has  been  subjected  for  the  past  two  years. 

The  material  of  which  this  ship  (appr..priatel.\  named  !I7/'/('o,»/)  i^ 
bnllt,  merits  special  attention.    No  better  material,  either  for  strengtli 
or  beauty,  can  be  found  in  this  or  any  other  country.     The  timber  — 
yellow  llr— is  all  of  native  growth,  taken  fi'om  contiguous  forests,  aid 
prepared  at  the  Port  Madison  mills.    For  the  purposes  oi  marine  con- 
struction, ample  experiments  liave  been  made  to  test  tlic    relative 
strength  of  oak  and  yellow  llr;  and  the  decision  accords  to  the  latter 
superiority  in  all  respects  where  weiglit  or  strain  occurs  to  the  hull  of 
a  vessel.    According  to  trials  made  at  the  Mare  Island  navy-yard,  the 
relative  tenacity  of  the  flr  to  oak  is  27  to  22.    When,  therefore,  we  find 
a  careful  selection  of  the  various  pieces  made  from  this  prime  lumber 
—  larger  by  almost  one-third  than  arc  usually  found  In  vessels  of  cor- 
responding tonnage  — with  every  joint  closely  fitted,  and  the  multi- 
farious parts  bolted  and  riveted  in  the  securest  manner,  as  is  the  case 
witli  this  ship,  we  feel  warranted  in  pronouncing  lier  second  to  none 
ever  built  In  any  country.    This  Is  a  bold  statement,  but  the  doubting 
reader  can  obtain  satisfaction  by  personally  inspecting  the  vessel. 

The  model  of  the  Wihhi-ood  Is  that  of  a  full  clipper,  having  27'.  in- 
ches dead  rise,  with  sharp  ends,  and  calculated  to  rank  among  t.ie  fast 
sailers.  Obtain  a  fair  view  and  she  is  a  paragon  of  lieauty,  lier  longi- 
tudinal curve  of  five  feet  lending  grace  to  every  line.  Without  any 
hesitancy,  botli  landsmen  and  mariners  pronounce  her  an  elegant  cnifi 
at  sight.'  Ilcr  carrying  capacity  for  general  merchandise  is  about  1700 
tons;  and  for  lumljer  1,000,000  feet.     Her  dimensions  arc  a^  follows; 


r 


I  t-ULnl.  of  keel,  187;,  feet ;  over  all,  200  feel,  Dreaau.  of  Dcam.  41  feci 
0    tl.    deph  Of  hold,  L'2  feel  1   inch.     And  right  here  wc  may  as 
Ivell   Jtatc  that  the    HV./.oo.  Is  .ot  only  the  llnest,  but  Is  also  the 
liircest  vessel  ever  built  on  this  coast. 

'I  he  keel  consists  of  two  pieces  of  tin.ber,  each  10  inches  square,  bolt- 
.d  nrabovTt,c  other,  and  resting  on  a  shoe  3x18  inches.     I  pon  the.e 
r  s    h  "  Lr  or  frame  timbers,  11  inches  thick  and  10  inches  deep,  bolt- 
d   ogell  er  in  pairs,  forming  one  fnune,  .ith  but  two  inches  space  be- 
veet  frames.    Without  giving  tignr.-s,  It  is  only  necessary  to  say   hat 
c  k  e     .",  riders,  stanchions,  siste.  keelsons  and  floor  are  a    substan- 
al  and  wel^  proportioned.     At  either  end  of  the   ship,   in  the   lower 
01  lit  r^^^  pairs  of  pointers,  secured  by  imn.ense  ''"-s,  .u  pair  of 
M  one  may  count  53  bolts  <.f  1  1-4  H'ch  iron,  exclusive  of  those  (,ov- 
.    1  h    i.e  knees      All  through  the  lower  bold   the  bolt-heads  are  so 
;      tl^::::  \:Z..a  one  of  ^.st  mosaic  V^^^^^^^^f^!^ 
,.rihP  the  corners.    Tlie  depth  of  the  lower  hold  is  14  feet  1  1-  Inches. 
;"  wt-e    c,"     t  0  height  ll  7  feet  8  inches,  unobstructed  from  stem  to 
^Z     Tho  thinest  part  of  the  hull  is  between  decks  and  there  it  is 
b,e  es  solid  wood.    The  thickest  part,  at  the  bilge,  is  32  mches,  .ull. 
he  de  ks  Ire  best  ..uality  3  1-2  inch  S(.uare  timber,  laid  with  great 
tr  -the  grain  of  the  wood  being  all  edge  up.    The  omer  covering  of 
i     ve    en    worked  on  with  con.position  spikes  below  the  w^ter  line, 
dw-ithiron  above,  .ecurely  aistened  with  1 1-4  inch  seasoned  tTceunils 
:op  ,     1  utt  and  bilge  bo'lts.    There  ^  ere  used  in  her  co-r"Ct.on 
o'er  tSee  tons  of  con.position  bolts,  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile  ol  1  1-4 
inch  Iron  bolts  In  the  dead  wood,  forward  and  aft. 
"t^imnenclng  ..ward  Is  the  top-gallant  ^<>^^'^>^^; ^^^^^  ^^ 
.,fc   .u.doccupiedbycat-heads,  15x17  inches;  a  pawl-bit,  18xu0  mcl^s, 
.'nt  nt      nllass  gear,  capstan  and  wlndlass-bitts,  8x24  Inches.     Ihe 

,owc?o^^^^^  '^"'1  ^*'"""'='^*'   ".T'hm 

•oi"  swC-     Around  the  forenn.st  are  main  and  main  topmast  stay-bitts, 
u.n„g      in  neat  and  substantial  manner.    The  ship's  pumps,  two  in 
:;:S;  with  brass  chambers  and  iron  pipes,  are  about  the  malnmas  • 
The  accommodations  for  officers  and  crew  are  all  on  the  upper  deck 
.1     ,  ..i.in  is  ss  feet  long,  25  feet  wide  at  tlie  forward,  and  19  feet  widu 
t  uT         e  H.  -  t  "  l^U  entrances.    Aft,  on  the  starboard,side,  Is 
he  "a,^  h  's  tt  -room.  8x9  feet,  well  furnished,  and  opening  forward 
to  a   a  oon.  -ith  a  slate-r«on>  on  either  side.    Abaft  this  sa  oon  are 
;  1  ro?m,  wash  room,  water  closet,  etc.,  and  a  ^-^f -^ ^°  «-^f  «P; 
deck     The  main  saloon,  In  the  middle  of  the  house  is  12x18  feet       t 
has  three  state-rooms,  six  feet  square  on  the  port  side,  and  two  stale. 
o",n   and  pa^.try  on  the  starboard.    Forward  of  the  saloon,  and  be- 
iZZ  the  mssaie  leading  from  the  waist,  is  a  state-room  around  the 
:iSen  ir  vhlch  passL  up  through  the  house.    On  the  starboard  and 
;:  r^f  tL  'entrances  are  the  two  «tate-roon,s  Ibr  the  njate.  J^^e 
cabin,  as  will  be  seen,  Is  convenient  and  comfortable.    The  forwara 
Uo2  is  12x44  feet,  containing  aforecastle  of  18  leet  for  the  men;  the 
iCah'der  is  divided  up  into  galley,  petty  ofllcers'  quarters,  carpenter  s 


am,  41  fi'cl 
wc  may  as 
Is  also  the 

(luare,  bolt- 
Ipon  thcho 
i  deep,  l)olt- 
js  space  bc- 
■  to  say  that 
all  sut)staii- 
1  the   lower 
,  iu  pair  of 
if  those  cov- 
jatls  arc  so 
lich  they  de- 
1  1-2  Inches, 
'rom  stem  to 
there  it  is '2 1 
inches,  full. 
I  with  great 

•  covering  of 
3  water  line, 
mcd  treenails 
construction 
mile  of  1  1-4 

uliuR  28  feet 
8x30  inches; 
inches.  The 
n  taper  near 
ast  stay-bitls, 
imps,  two  in 
le  mainmast. 
>  upper  deck. 

19  feet  wide 
joard^sidc,  is 
3ning  forward 
lis  saloon  arc 
y  to  the  poop- 
2x18  feet.  It 
nd  two  state, 
aloon,  and  be- 
in  around  the 
3  starboard  and 
3  mates.    The 

The  forward 

•  the  men ;  the 
irs,  carpenter's 


shop  and  saii-room.  Almost  everything  Involving  the  labor  of  the  arti- 
zan  was  prepared  on  the  ground,  and  all  the  iron  and  brass  works,  to- 
gether with  the  composition  bolts,  were  gotten  up  at  the  foundry  con- 
nected with  the  firm's  Port  Madison  mill." 

Harbors.     Tlio  northwest  coast  is  very  ilcstituto  of  sfilV 
liarbors ;  wc  know  of  no  coast  so  barren  of  secure  anchorages. 
The  bay  of  Monterey  is  a  broad  sheet  of  water  and  acceptable  in 
all  winds ;  this  roadstead  was  the  rendezvous  of  the  Spani.sh 
and  Mexican  tleets ;  considerable  commerce  congregates  there 
since  the  transfer  of  the  territory  and  tlie  advent  of  live  people  ; 
little  trade  or  exchange  takes  place.    This  broad,  expansiNe 
bay  opens  to  the  northwest  and  north  winds,  and  the  swells  of 
the  Pacific  ocean  come  in  with  such  force  as  to  prevent  the 
building  of  wharves  or  docks  on  the  margin  of  the  bay.    Tlie 
bay  of  San  Francisco  is  a  large  sheet  of  water  running  about 
sixty  miles  S.E.  and  N.W.,  and  from  ten  to  twenty  miles  in 
width.    The  fierce  gales  from  the  southeast  prevailing  in  those 
regions  in  the  winter  months,  have  a  clear  sweep  of  sixty  miles, 
create  a  cross  sea,  and  make  much  havoc  among  the  shipping. 
The  north  winds  have  a  range  of  over  twenty  miles ;  the  westerly 
"ales  rushing  "  through  the  gate  of  tears  "  from  the  Indies,  stirs 
up  the  waters  into  fury  and  renders  the  anchorage  imsafc.     Any 
part  of  Barnstaple  bay  affords  as  safe  protection  to  vessels  as 
the  bay  of  San  Francisco.    In  1841,  Lieut.  Wilkes,  command- 
ing the  United  States  cxiiloring  expedition,  visited  the  north- 
west coast,  and  has  recorded  his  experience  in  the  principal 
liarbors,  from  which  wc  quote  extensively.    Of  San  Francisco 
he  remarks :  "  On  the  first  of  November  wc  had  a  wind  that 
enabled  ns  to  make  sail,  although  it  was  late  in  the  day  before 
it  was  suflSciently  strong,  and  by  that  time  the  ebb-tide  was 
spent.    To  avoid  any  further  delay  I  determined  to  make  the 
attempt ;  signal  was  accordingly  made,  and  the  vessels  were  in 
a  fijw  minutes  underweigh,  standing  out  of  the  harbor.     It  maj- 
indeed  be  said  that  it  is  practicable  to  enter  and  depart  from 
this  port  whenever  the  tide  is  favorable.    Wc  continued  beating 
out  to  gain  an  offing  until  toward  sunset,  when  it  fell  calm  and 
the  tide  failed  ns.     The  '  Vincennes '  was,  therefore,  compelled 
to  agchor  in  six  and  three-quarters  fathoms  of  water,  three  miles 
from  the  land,  and  signal  was  made  to  the  two  brigs,  which 
were  about  three  miles  outside  of  our  position,  to  do  the  same. 
On  coming  to  anchor  there  was  scarcely  any  swell,  and  the  ship 
lay  almost  as  still  as  if  she  had  bccn-<Tithin  the  harbor ;  the  sun- 


71 
Mt  «a.  vWiiv  ami  evfrvtlii«ii  botokcuod  u  euliu  and  quiet  iiighl. 
M  ubout  10,  I'.M.,  the  swell  begun  to  increase  without  any  ap- 
,,uent  cause,  an.l  so  rapiaiy  as  to  awaken  my  anxiety, but  being 
i„  s„ch  deep  water  1  thought  the  vessel  was  sulllciently  distant 
,V,>m  the  bar  not  to  be  exposed  to  any  breakers.     As  the  flood 
continued  to  make  the  swell  increased,  antl  by  midnight  «t  were 
enveloped  in  fog,  without  a  l)reath  of  air,  and  the  ship  rode  over 
the  rollers  that  were  now  becoming  Ncry  heavy,  causing  her  to 
nilch  violeutly.     There  was,  however,  no  break  to  them,  but  as 
•nnnle   scope  of  cable  had  been  given,  the  ship  occasionally 
swung  broadside  too,  when  the  heavy  pitching  was  exchanged  to 
rolling,  so  deep  as  to  endanger  our  masts.     At  2,  a.m.,  a  breaker 
was  heard  outside  of  us  passing  in  with  the  roar  of  a  surf,  after 
which  they  became  constant  and  really  awful.    The  ship  might 
now  be  said  to  be  riding  among  breakers  of  gigantic  size  ;  they 
rushed  onward  with  such  tremenduous  roar  and  violence  that 
•vs  each  wave  was  heard  approaching,  it  became  a  source  of  ap- 
nrehension  until  it  had  safely  passed ;  such  was  its  force  that 
when  it  struck  the  ship  the  chain  cable  would  surge,  the  ring- 
stoppcrs  parted,  and  some  few  fathoms  of  the  cable  escaped. 
As  the  time  of  high  water  approached,  the  roar  of  these  im- 
mense breakers  was  constant.    The  ship  was  as  if  tempest-tossed, 
.,„d  our  situation  became  at  each  moment  one  of  great  solici- 
tude    The  actual  danger  of  wreck  was  not  indeed  great,  for, 
in  the  event  of  parting  our  cable,  the  tide  would  have  carried  us 
toward  the  harbor  and  in  deep  water,  where  the  rollers  would 
Irvve  ceased  to  break  ;  there  was  no  gi-eat  danger  of  our  drifting 
on  the  bar,  which  was  a  mile  or  two  to  the  northward  of  our 
nosition.     I  looked  forward  with  anxiety  for  the  time  of  high 
water  as  the  period  when  we  should  be  released  from  our  un- 
pleasant  situation,  not  only  the  change  in  the  course  of  the  tide, 
but  also  by  the  cessation  of  the  breakers.    Our  situation  af- 
forded me  an  opportunity  of  measuring  the  velocity  of  the 
xvavcs  as  they  passed  the  ship,  and  though  the  distance  was 
short,  vet  the  observations  were  numerous  and  gave  the  velocity 
•It  from  15  to  18  miles  an  hour,  their  height  was  over  30  feet, 
width  from  yOO  to  1000  feet.     At  3.30,  a.m.,  one  of  these  iin- 
nieuse  breakers  struck  the  ship  broad  on  the  bow  and  broke  with 
its  full  force  on  board ;  the  cable  surged,  the  stoppers  were  car- 
ried awav,  and  the  spar  deck  swept  fore  and  aft ;  the  boats  aiul 
l.onms  broke  jxdrilt.the  fomicr  being  stove  and  the  latter  thrown 


quiet  night, 
tliout  any  ap- 
ety,  but  Iteiiin- 
■iently  disi.iiit 
As  the  llootl 
night  wc  wore 
ship  rodo  ovoi' 
musing  hi'v  to 
i  them,  but  as 
p  oceasionally 
i  exchanged  to 
A.M.,  a  breaker 
of  a  surf,  after 
he  ship  might 
itic  size ;  they 
I  violence  tliat 
a  source  of  ap- 
}  its  force  tliat 
jurge,  the  ring- 
cable  escaped, 
ir  of  these  im- 
tempest-tossed, 
of  great  solici- 
deed  great,  for, 
I  have  carried  us 
18  rollers  would 
;r  of  our  drifting 
orthward  of  our 
,ho  time  of  high 
ed  from  our  un- 
ourse  of  the  tide, 
)ur  situation  af- 
I  velocity  of  the 
the  distance  was 
gave  the  velocity 
vas  over  30  feet, 
one  of  these  im- 
)W  and  broke  with 
toppers  were  ear- 
ft ;  the  boats  and 
I  the  latter  thrown 


r.i 

with  violence  to  one  side,  rnforluualoly,  .losei»li  AiUhousi'.  a 
marine,  who  was  in  the  act  of  ascending  the  ladder  at  the  tinu'. 
was  struck  by  one  of  the  spars  and  so  mucli  injured  that  he  dicil 
a  few  Lours  afterwards.  It  was  not  until  between  seven  and 
eight  o'clock  that  the  ship  could  be  relieved  from  this  situation  : 
at  that  time  a  light,  uir  tVom  the  land  sprung  up,  of  which  ad- 
vantage was  at  once  taken  to  weigh  our  anchor ;  tlie  rollers, 
however,  had  by  this  time  ceased  to  break,  the  sea  began  to  fall, 
and  in  a  few  hours  afterwards,  regained  its  former  placid  and 
(|uiet  state."  —  Wilkes. 

"  I  too  have  loved  thee,  ocean  ;"  we  have  passed  over  the  bar  of 
San  Francisco  several  times  in  vessels  much  smaller  than  the 
••  Vincennes,"  and  on  one  occasion  we  caught  the  duplicate  of 
what  Wilkes  describes  ;  the  wind  loft  us,  a  heavy  swell  rolling 
i II .  For  six  mortal  hours  of  agony  we  sufl'ered  pangs  of  torture- 
Down  dropped  the  sails  against  tlip  mnstw. 

'Twas  sad  as  sad  can  be ; 
VVc  did  move  only  to  dodge 

The  brcalcing  of  tlie  seas." 

We  have  a  wholesome  terror  of  the  bar  of  San  Francisco. 
"  A  vessel  should  not  anchor  upon  the  bar  if  she  can  j)ossibly 
avoid  it ;  frequently  a  heaAy  swell  sets  in  without  wind,  and  if 
the  current  is  running  strong  ebb,  it  allows  little  chance  of 
escaping  from  an  uncomfortable  berth.  .  .  .  During  hea\y 
southeasters  the  sea  breaks  upon  the  San  Francisco  bar  cloar 
across  the  entrance,  presenting  a  fearful  sight.  The  sound  can 
be  heard  at  the  anchorage  in  front  of  the  city."  —  Davidson. 

Seamen  on  the  coast  of  California  observe  great  caution  in 
passing  the  bar ;  the  great  ocean  steamers  get  periodical  rubs, 
and  some  have  been  crippled ;  the  huge  ships  of  our  navy  havi; 
also  succumbed  to  the  terrors  of  the  bar.  On  a  recent  occasion 
the  steamship  "  Ossipee  "  caught  a  cleaning  there,  of  which  the 
local  press  were  forced  to  take  notice.  The  AUa  California  of 
Nov.  28,  1870,  says :  "  The  pilot-boat '  Curtis '  went  outside  the 
heads  last  Saturday  to  take  the  pilot  of  the  U.  S.  steamer 
'  Ossipee,'  which  cleared  for  a  cruise  on  the  southern  coast.  On 
reaching  the  bar  a  very  rough  sea  was  encountered.  A  boat 
was  lowered  from  the  '  Curtis,'  and  being  manned  by  one  of 
the  crew,  started  for  the  '  Ossipee '  to  take  ofl"  the  pilot.  It  had 
proceeded  but  a  short  distance  when  it  was  capsized.  A  boat 
was  at  once  lowered  from  the  'Ossipoe.'  manned,  and  sent  to 


f 

te 


P 


7i'. 

'"',:"«'  X^S  1  OH  tl^t,  Hoon  utter  this  ueoiaont, 
oil  the  Btcainoi .     l  no  puuv  .._^i,,„„  -  and  tlic  water  was 

„ow   callc  I    to      '"  '     ^^  '.  „„  I,,,  heam  cn.ls  with  I..- 

looked  and  Haw  tc    CnrhB    1  >  ^  ^  ^,^^^  ^^^^  ,,.,„, 

masts  under  water.     At  Ihst  sip  ^^    ^^^^^  ,^^.,. 

aiul  all  on  board  would  ^^^'^iJ  li^i  ^ad  been  carried  awav. 
minus  .ain  galV  ^^^j::^^ :^;^1:..,  but  those  on 
She  was  now  m  great  dangci  «'  f'^  "J^  ^.  .^^  .^fety. 

„oard  managed  to  set  a  lUtle  ^^^  .""^  .^^j;',^,,  was  He^n 
The  '  Ossipee'  at  once  -'f  "  7"?^^:('  7"^        Merchants' 

Kxehangc.     The  tug     ^cpt"  ^ ^^^^         ^^^^^^,,,  „,e,. 

.■ottM  not  live  on  the  bar.     .     .    -  retimml  tn 

dent,  found  the  water  t6o  ro.gh  to  put  to  sea 

port  the  same  night."  accessible  har- 

Thc  Columbia  river  ^^^^^^^  ,a„d-bar,on  which 

l,or,  its  entrance  being  wa  led  n  ^  "'^    ""  i,  ,»„,. 

the  ocean  swell  breaks  -"^  f^";^.^;^^„,i,rany  of  martyrs 

been  buried  in  these  sands     ^^f  "^  ^^^^i"'  J^,,,     Lieut . 

the  U.  S.  Hhip  "  Peacock"  found  -  ^^f  ^^^^'^^^^^^^  of  it. 

Wilkes  visited  this  river  and  ''^^'^f :^^^^J^^^^^^^^        remarks: 
facilities  for  the  general  purposes  of  commerx^  ^.^ 

u()n  the  twenty-eighth  of  Aprd,  at  G  a.   .,  w^  ma         P     ^^^ 

appointment,  to  which  ^^Z^Z^^'^^^'^^Uy^'  '^^^'^ 
caused  by  strong  winds  that  pr.^^^^^^^^^  Columbia' river  atter 
withstanding,  Btood  for  the  bai  ol  .j^mg  nearer, 

making  cveiy  preparation  to  ^!'^'   ;^^l^;;Z^^^  to 

1  found  the  breakers  extendmg  from  Cape     i^  H  ^^^^^^.^^.^^ 
roint  Adams  in  one  unbroken  line.     .     •     •  Columbia ; 

can  give  little  idea  of  t^  t-^s  o     h    bar^of^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^ 

all  who  have  seen  it  have  ^'^^J^  representing  it  as  one  of 
and  the  incessant  roar  of  the  waters,  lepr  ^ 

the  most  fearful  sights  that  can  posslbl    -    ^  ^  J^  ^^  ,,, 
sailor.    The  ditllcnlties  of  xts  channels  ^'^^  ,,,,,a 

leading  sailing  marks  and  the  "»  -  "J  >^  ^^^^^^  \,^  Section 


is  iu'«'i<lf i><  t 

0  wfttcr  wiiH 
>;  anofllcn- 
impwl.'  II'' 
lids  with  lit'i' 
that  the  })<ml 

righted  her, 
jftrried  awav. 
but  those  oi'. 
)«■  in  safety, 
liich  wttH  He«''» 
le  Merchants' 
lut  found  she 
after  the  acci- 
,d  returned  /" 

icfcssible  har- 
l-bar,  on  which 

y  vCSHCls   llHVe 

iny  of  martyrs 
grave.  lAmi. 
reciation  of  it^ 
He  remarks: 
[lade  Cape  Dis- 
h  a  heavy  sea, 

1  days.    I,  not- 
ibia  river  after 
roaching  nearer, 
sappointmcnt  to 
lerc  description 
r  the  Columbia ; 
J83  of  the  scene 
ing  it  as  one  of 
,  the  eye  of  the 

distance  of  the 
me  unacquainted 
gth  and  direction 
close  to  unseen 
I  waters,  all  cause 
,st  ronfe«H  myself 


hdioriiiK,  iiiid  ullhougU  1  had  on  Iniard  u  jaTHon  Ironi  the  Siiml- 
wich  Islands  who  professed  to  bo  a  Columbia  river  pilot,  I  found 
him  at  a  loss  to  designate  the  true  passage,  and  unablt;  to  tell 
whether  we  were  in  a  right  way  or  not.  I  therefore  determined 
at  once  to  haul  ott'  with  tlie  title  which  was  running  elib  with 
^•reat  rapidity,  and  which  soon  carried  us  back  to  the  blue 
waters  of  the  ocean." 

Prof.  Davidson,  of  the  coast  survey,  in  describing  this  river 
says,  "The  entrance  to  Columbia  river  is  five  miles  wide  be- 
tween the  nearests  parts  of  Cape  Disappointment  and  Toint 
Adams,  bearing  N.W.  by  W.  J  W.,  and  S.K.  by  K.  i  E.  IVom 
each  other,  llut  the  jjassage  is  greatly  obstnicted  by  shifting 
shoals,  which  lie  two  or  three  miles  outside  of  the  line  joining 
the  two  i)oint8.  The  numerous  surveys  that  iiuve  been  made  of 
this  bar  at  dittereut  times,  prove  conclusively  the  great  changes 
constantly  going  on  in  the  channels  through  tlie  shoals,  that  no 
sailing  directions  that  may  be  prepared  can  ))e  relied  upon  for 
any  great  length  of  time.  The  Jjest  advice  that  can  be  given  is. 
when  up  to  the  bar  take  a  pilot.  .  .  .  Dining  heavy  weatli- 
er,  and  especially  in  winter,  the  sea  breaks  with  terrific  fury 
IVom  nortlvwect  of  Cape  Disappointment  well  to  tlie  southward 
of  Point  Adams.  The  mail  steamers  have  sometimes  to  wait 
days  for  the  smallest  show  of  an  opening  to  get  in,  and  sailing 
vessels  have  laid  olf  the  entrance  six  weeks  waiting  for  a  fair 
opportunity  to  enter.  Many  lie  inside  for  weeks  unable  to  get 
out ;  the  mail  steamers,  by  exerting  all  their  j)Ower,  sometimes 
drive  through  the  combers,  but  have  their  decks  swept  fore  and 
aft  by  every  sea.  Few  places  present  a  scene  of  more  wildness 
than  this  bar  during  a  southeast  gale." 

A  telegram  to  the  Sacramento  Union,  dated  I'ortland,  Alarch 
0,  1871,  says,  "The  steamer  '  Ajax'  succeeded  in  crossing  the 
bai-  for  San  Francisco  on  Wednesday,  at  10,  a.m.,  after  three 
hours'  trial.  Barques  ♦  Rosedale,'  '  Live  Yankee,'  and  '  Stella,' 
are  waiting  their  chances  to  cross  the  bar  going  out.  Barque 
'Whistler'  is  aground  below  St.  Helen's,  and  may  require 
lightening  to  let  her  out." 

"The  ship  'Montgomery  Castle'  has  completed  her  cargo 
and  was  hauled  out  in  the  stream  yesterday  ;  she  is  drawing  IK 
feet,  and  will  have  to  wait  a  rise  of  water  to  cross  the  bar,  even 
if  the  ice  blockade  was  broken  up."  —  Orej/oman,  Dec.  29, 1870. 

The   "river  of  the  west"  is   often,  in   the  winter  months. 


t 


,.,v..n..l  vsm.  Hold.  ..!•  .Iritl  i..,  ^vlm•U  rnuU-r.  il.  .K.vmnli.m 
.bn^ioruuH  a.ul  umvliubl...  Tho  loUowin^  oilutu.ns  Iron.  tl.. 
O/Y'JoHHiu  will  (U'lnoiiHtnift'  tliis  fact : 

IHc  "0  1870. -The  Columbia  closed.  The  sleumcrs  from  the  to- 
lu'uua  ;wer  report  that  slunh  he  U  running  heavily,  hut  .s  ,ot  they  arc 
fthlu  to  make  their  way  through.  .,.i.,»  ti... 

)KC  "•'  1870. -The  Columbia  river  beU.g  closed,  proveuting  th.- 
,rans.ortatlon  of  the  maila  below  the  Dalls,  Mr.  Underwood  tele- 
XS  on  Tuesday  to  Ogden.  directing  that  all  mails  be  sent  to  Sacra- 
mento and  San  Francisco  till  J\»rthcr  order-. 

The  8tean.er  'Fanny  Troop'  arrived  lust  evening  ^«'°;'^«    '^^^ 
Columbia,  she  reports  the  running  ice  very  heavy.    No  further  trip, 
below  will  be  attempted  for  the  present. 

Dec  '23,  1870. -Yesterday  morning  the  river  opposite  Stark  street 
wa    1^0  en  almost  across,  and  Ice  remains  far  .ut  in  t..e  river  from  t^a- 
eastern  bank  till  late  in  the  day.    It  will  re.,ulre  but  ^  f^^J^    "J,^  " 
crease  of  cold  to  close  the  Wallaraet  against  «^'^'''°^°''\"'r'f  "2 
The  steamer  -  t.kanagan '  succeeded  In  getting  "l'    yj^'^'^jy^  ^"^ 
Astoria  via  the  Wallamet  slough.    At  St.  Helens  ^\« J^  ""^^^^  J"" 
very  full  of  ice,  and  for  most  of  the  width  of  the  nver  it  was  «tatlonar^ 
1>KC.26,1B70.-The  'Geo.  S.  Wright' did  not  succeed  i»  ge"»"R 
dow^the  Coi-ambla  river  Friday  nipht.    The  ice  blockade  wa^  found  t„ 
Zo  heavy  that  the  ship  could  not  be  forced  through ;  she  returned  and 
is  noXing  at  the  sLmboat  dock.    The  bar.,ue  '  Lydla,'  ready  to 
sairirarsoaJher  moorings  at  the  deck.    The  steamer  '  Rescue '  wen, 
down  as  far  as  St.  Helen's,  and  returned  on  account  of  the  ce. 

DKC  28,  1870. -owing  to  the  block  of  ice  In  the  Co  nmbla,  the 
steamer  •  Oraflame '  was  unable  to  come  nearer  than  St.  Helen  s. 

Puget  Sonnd.  Tlic  approaches  into  the  Strait  Dc  Fucu  arc 
wide  and  clean,  the  soundings  arc  regular,  and  the  actions  of 
the  tides  arc  well  ascertained.  The  long,  narrow  inland  sea, 
known  l)y  the  general  name  of  Tuget  Sonnd,  is  accessible  in  a  1 
winds,  and  affords  secure  shelter  for  the  navies  of  the  world. 
In  -a  life  on  the  mountain  wave,"  we  have  sailed  on  several 
seas,  sounds  and  straits,  but  have  not  witnessed  any  slieet  ol 
water  presenting  so  many  elements  of  sublimity  and  usefulness 
as  those  comprising  the  Strait  De  Fuca.  Admiralty  Inlet,  Hood  s 
Canal  and  Puget  Sound,  save  and  excepting  the  waters  border- 
ing on  British  Columbia. 

Lieut.  Wilkes,  commanding  the  U.  S.  Exploring  Kxpedition, 
visited  those  waters  in  1811,  and  ma.le  general  surveys  of  the 
principal  channels  and  harbors.  In  describing  this  labyrinth 
(,f  waters,  he  states  :--  The  Strait  De  Fuca  may  be  safely  nav- 
igated :  the  win.l  will  for  the  greater  part  of  the  year  be  found 


UttVinnlKiii 
iH  from  tin' 

i-om  the  Co- 
H  yet  they  arc 

ovcutliig  the 

ITWOOll    tc'lo- 

lont  to  Socrn- 

n  the  Lower 
further  trips 

I  SUrk  street 
•Iver  from  the 
legrees  of  iu- 
it  navlgatJou. 
jsterday  from 
:oluinbla  was 
?!i8  stationary, 
ed  in  gettliiR 
!  wa^  found  to 
10  returned  and 
yilla,"  ready  to 
IX'Scue'  worn 
lie  'cc. 

Colnmbla,  the 
Helen's. 

Dc  Fiica  .ire 
lio  actions  of 
V  inland  sea, 
cessiblc  in  all 
of  the  worlil. 
L'd  on  several 

any  sheet  of 
ind  usefulness 
•  Inlet,  Hood's 
waters  border- 

ig  Kxpedition, 
;iirveys  of  the 
this  labyrinth 
be  safely  nav- 
!  year  be  found 


lo  lilow  throu^j^h  them  :ind  giMicraliy  outward)*;  tho  sliorert  of 
the  Strait  aic  bold,  and  anclmraujo  is  to  be  fmnid  in  but  Ow 
(ttiu'cs.  W'i-  could  not  obtain  liottoiu  in  some  places  with  r^ixty 
i'atlionis  of  line,  ev(>n  within  a  boat's  h'u^rth  of  tlie  siiore.  . 
Nothini^  ean  exceed  tiie  lieauty  of  tliese  waters, — no  slioal  ex- 
ists within  tile  Slniit  of  .biun  De  Kma,  Adniindty  Inlet,  or 
Ibiod's  Canai,  tiiat  can  in  any  way  intcrnipt  the  navigation  ot'a 
seventy-four  f>un-shi|i.  I  venture  nothinj^  in  sayinj;  tiiat  there 
is  no  country  in  tlie  worM  that  pdssesses  waters  P(|ual  to  tliese. 
'I'hey  cover  an  area  of  about  'JOUO  srjuare  miles.  The  siiores  of 
all  these  inlets  and  liays  are  reinarkaldy  bold,  so  nuieh  so  that 
in  numy  places  a  siiip's  side  would  strike  the  shore  before  tiie 
keel  wouUl  touch  the  ground.  The  country  by  which  these  wa- 
ters are  wa.slu'd  is  remarkably  salubrious,  and  oilers  every  ad- 
vantage for  the  aeeonunodation  of  a  vast  commercial  and  mili- 
tary marine,  with  conveniences  for  docks,  and  a  great  many 
sites  for  t(»wns  and  cities, — at  all  times  well  supplied  with  wa- 
ter, and  capable  of  being  provided  witii  everything  i)y  the  sur- 
rounding countrj',  which  is  well  adapted  for  agriculture," 

Prof.  Davidson  has  recorded  his  admiration  of  these  waters. 
lie  says.  "  We  know  not  where  to  point  to  sucli  a  ramilication 
(){'  inland  navigation,  save  the  British  Possessions  to  the  north- 
ward. Fur  depth  of  water,  boldness  of  ftp[)roachcs,  freedom 
from  hidden  dangers,  and  the  immeasurable  sea  of  gigantic  tim- 
Iier  coming  down  to  the  very  shores,  these  waters  arc  unsur- 
passed." 

(lovernor  Stevens,  of  Washington  Territory,  says  of  tliis  ro- 
mantic region  : — "  On  the  whole  west  coast  from  San  Diego  to 
tlie  north,  nothing  like  this  is  met.  All  the  water  channels  of 
which  Admiralty  Inlet  is  composed,  are  comparatively  narrow 
and  long.  They  have  all  more  or  less  bold  shores,  and  arc 
throughout  very  deep  and  abrupt,  so  nuich  so  that  in  many  pla- 
ces a  ship's  side  will  strike  the  shore  belbre  the  keel  will  touch 
the  ground.  Even  in  the  interior  and  most  hidden  parts,  depths 
of  fifty  and  one  hundred  fathoms  ocoir.  .  .  .  Our  modern 
and  more  extensive  soundings  prove  that  this  depth  dimin- 
ishes toward  the  extremities  of  the  inlets  and  basins.  A  hiirh 
tide  goes  up  from  Dc  Fuca  strait  into  all  these  sounds.  .  .  . 
Nothing  can  exceed  tho  beauty  and  safety  of  these  waters  for 
navigation  ;  not  a  shoal  exists  within  them  ;  not  a  hidden  rock  ; 
no  sudden  over-falls  of  the  water  or  the  air ;  no  such  sti-oncr 


I 

1 


80 

nZ  at  n  thi.  rcgi™  .«  n,a,,v  excellent  a.ul  ,„o.t  ,ec,u^  ,  or 
«;lul"o  eom™orci»T  —ne  of  the  Vaeiac  oceaB  ,„ay  l,c  bee 

''':;'Ci:—u«.  extent  of  thi.  ,nU„„  sea.  t.,e  n-« 

„,,  ^!:Z  of  it»  nn„,evon.  >,.,„«,  t„e  val«-f  the  -.mj. 

,,.„t  forests  1)V  Klneb  it  1»  snrronmtal,  ami  lib     jesliaustmu 

:  Salong  it»  *„re„  are  bat  blt.c  ""■^f'-'j  «-■; 

iwiuKOHsinff  as  it  aoc»  moic  uwii  si->'-">' •-•  r,,  •     » 

..a    I  ore  nne,  having  in  every  channel,  bay  or  harbor  sufl  c.en 
eh  of  >vator  for  the  largest  ship  that  floats  m  any  navy  m  the 
t^d    channels  unobstructed  by  rocks  or  8..d  bars,  with  a 
:«  so  broad  and  safe  that  no  pilots  have  been  or  ever  ..U 
ho  needed."— //on.  Alvin  Flanders. 

Scenery,     m  no  country  we  have  visited  have  the  gift   o^ 
God  been  so  lavishly  strewn  as  we  have  seen  alo..g  the  vail 
01  ru.rSound.    The  clear,  transparent  atmosphere  lenxls  eu- 
IxUment  to  the  crescent  of  mountains  adjacent ;  those  slnmng 

t  le  most  charming  landscape.   In  sailing  on  those  waters  th  nk- 
.rndsarelosUn  contemplating  the  beauty  and  gram^r 
oM  r     nes  ;  romantic  headlands  on  the  right  hand,  and  bold 
1    risland^  on  the  left,  with  Mount  Olympms  on  the  o  c 
ha  d  and  the  frosted  peaks  in  the  Cascade  range  on  the  othe  , 
U  forming  the  grandest  sight  on  which  the  human  eye  can  re^ 
T  e™  nerv  of  this  part  of  Admiralty  Inlet  resembles  strongly 
,,ts  u      >e  n-1-"  "'-^'  particularly  those  above  Poughkeep- 
lie      'Ae  distant  highlands,  though  much  more  lofty,  remmd  us 

"^n^::^t:u^:^:  waters  .  ...  peasant  -nth  of 
Juneis  a'sLce  of  pleasure  and  enjoyment;  then  the  atmoB 
nhere  is  cleav,  transparent,  exhilarating,  and  possessed  of  that 
l^nif^'ing  power  which  renders  distant  objects  clear  and  dis- 
Tnt  1  h!  vision  and  gives  natural  scenery  a  definite  outline 
'::^Z^<^^^  the  sky.     In  ^^^f^^l^^ 

id  itself,  dotted  with  islands,  and  l-^^^rat-g  thMa^^^^^ 

directions  with  its  channels,  bays  and  inlets.    Bejond  is  the 

lland  covered  with  lofty  trees  of  fir  and  cedar    with  heie 

Str    a  village  or  milling  establishment,  nestled  m  a  qiu  t 

bav,  -Wle  an  occasional  prairie,  with  its  comfortable  form  hou- 


.  .  .  And 
ost  secure  ports 
n  may  l>c  here 

sea,  the  number 
;  of  the  magnifi- 
ts  l':?exhaustiWe 
toocl  or  apprcci- 
for  themselves ; 
red  miles  of  iu- 
harbor  sufficient 
I  any  navy  in  the 
.id  bars,  with  an 
been  or  ever  will 

lave  the  gifts  of 
along  the  valley 
ospherc  lends  cu- 
lt ;  those  shining- 
sunbeams,  aflord 
lose  waters  think- 
ity  and  grandeur 
it  hand,  and  bold, 
(ipius  on  the  one 
age  on  the  other, 
iman  eye  can  rest, 
esembles  strongly 
above  Poughkeep- 
re  lofty,  remind  us 

jleasaut  month  of 
;  then  the  atmos- 

possessed  of  that 
ects  clear  and  dis- 

a  definite  outline 

foreground  is  the 
ting  the  land  in  all 
ts.  Beyond  is  the 
d  cedar,  with  here 

nestled  in  a  quiet 
nfortablc  ftirm  hou- 


■■?1 

sfs,  herds  of  r.MW.  inv\  Jiuisos,  luul  nninj^  li<'l(is  cC  li;i\  :iii.l 
gTiiin,  gives  viiriety  to  the  landscape,  and  speaks  of  lioiiie, 
plenty  and  comfort.  Beyond  tliose  rise  the  everlasting  nu.un- 
taius,  miles  away,  yot  distinctly  outlined  against  the  sky.  To 
the  eastward  stands  St.  Helens  and  Adams,  and  Ranier,  and 
Baker,  mighty  sentinels  upon  the  Cascade  range,  whose  suinmit- 
penetratc  far  into  the  regions  of  ice  and  snow,  and  shine  in  the 
sun's  r.iys  like  mountains  of  frosted  silver.  To  tlio  westward 
stands  Olympus,  solitary  in  his  gran.leur,  without  peer  or  rival 
in  his  dominion.  This  moimtaiu  is  not  only  visible  from  the 
sound,  but  may  lie  seen  far  out  upon  the  ocean,  occupying  an  it 
does  the  poninsula  l)etween  the  two.  Vancouver's  Island,  San 
Juan,  and  the  disputed  archipelago,  with  Whitby  Island  the 
garden  of  the  Pnget  Sound  country,  all  constitute  interesting 
i>arts  of  the  varied  and  .;ver-changing  scenery."— (^ar/ieid. 

North  Pacific  Ba5iroad.  For  nearly  a  century  the  leading 
statesmen  of  our  country  have  cast  longing  looks  across  the 
continent,  even  to  '•  the  continuous  woods,  where  rolls  the  Or- 
egon." In  1784,  Thomas  Jefferson,  while  representing  his  coun- 
try at  the  French  Capital,  secured  the  ser^'4ces  of  John  Led- 
Viird,  and  equipped  that  famous  traveller  for  the  junposc  of  ex- 
ploring the  northwest  coast,  to  search  for  the  source  of  the  Co- 
himhia,  and  eontinue  with  the  meanderings  of  that  river  to  its 
uioutii ;  also  to  obtain  information  relative  to  the  Indian  tribes 
in  those  regions,  and  the  facilities  for  developing  the  An-  trade 
iunong  those  tribes,  and  the  possibility  of  extending  that  ricli 
trade  to  the  Indies.  In  1847,  Mr.  Benton,  in  the  U.  S,  Senate, 
when  advocating  a  similar  policy,  said,  '^  The  preservation  of 
Dur  territory  on  the  Pacific,  the  est.iblishment  of  a  port  there 
for  the  sheltering  of  our  commercial  and  military  marine,  the 
protection  of  our  fur  trade,  and  the  aid  to  the  whaling  vessels, 
the  accomplishment  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  idea  of  commercial  com- 
munication with  Asia,  through  the  heart  of  our  own  continent, 
was  constantly  insisted  upon  as  a  consequence  of  planting  an 
American  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia.  That  man  of 
large  and  useful  ideas,  that  statesman  who  could  conceive  meas 
ures  nsefu'  to  all  mankind,  and  in  all  time  to  come,  was  the 
first  to  propose  that  commercial  oommunication,  and  may  also 
be  considered  the  first  discoverer  of  the  Columbia  river.  His 
philosophic  mind  told  him  that  where  a  snow-clad  mountain, 
like  that  of  the  Rockv  Moinitains,  shed  the  water  on  one  side. 

11 


M.i.h  colLctca  i.,to  .ucU  a  nvc.  an  tl..  Missouri,  "'-v  "'''^";;; 
a  corresponding  BhodcUng  and  collection  of  ^-atorH  on  t  hou  u  . 

and  thu    he  was  perfectly  asm.red  of  the  existence  of  a  me, 
"  nl  the  Columbia  hn,  since  been  found  to  be,  ^o^- 
avigator  had  seen  its  mouth,  and  no  explorer  trod  ,ts  bank. 
I'liJonvictiou  was  complete,  but  the  idea  was  t-  .-l  - 
nsefnlto  be  permitted  to  rest   in  speculation.     He  was   th(n 
ler  to  France,  and  the  famous  traveller,  ^fy^^^^ 
arrived  in  Taris  on  his  expedition  of  discovery  to  tlie  Mle      a 
n  oviiled  upon  by  Mr.  Jeiferson  to  enter  upon  a  more  useful 
S^d^l^lr  er,^     no  proposed  to  him  to  change  U.  O^i.. 
from  the  old  to  the  new  world,  and  proceeding  to  St    1  etc. . 
Z  on  a  passport  he  would  obtain  for  him,  he  should   here  ob- 
Si'miLion  from  the  Empress  Catherine  to  travel  her  do- 
minions  in  high  latitudes  to  their  eastern  extremity,  cross  th. 
r^n«nKar^chatka,orat  Behring  strait,  and  <l-cend,ng    • 
,he  northwest  coast  of  America,  come  down  upon   the  nut 
which  must  head  opposite  the  head  of  the  Missouri    ascend  to 
;     source  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  aii<l  then  follow  the  Missou- 
ri to  the  French  settlements  on  the  upper  Mississippi,   -nd 
Uience  home.    It  was  a  magnificent  .nd  a  daring  projec   o  d  s- 
covery,  and  on  that  account  the  more  captivating  to  the  aiduit 
^ri^of  Ledyard.     He  undertook  it,  went  to  St.  F^tei^bui^i^ 
ceived  the  passport  of  the  Empress,  and  had  arrived  mS  be 
when  he  was  overtaken  by  a  revocation  of  the  permission,  and 
Lducted  as  a  spy  out  of  the  country.     He  then  retimiecMo 
Paris,  and  returned  to  his  original  design  ^^ -1>^«»'  f  ^^^,^^^^^ 
to  its  source,  which  terminated  in  his  premature  death,  and 
;ivedtlie.;rld  of  a  young  and  adventurous  -ploreis  hon 
Ihosc  ardor,  cotu-age,  perseverance  and  genius,  ^^^^^ 
ful  results  were  to  have  been  expected.     INIi.  Jeflerson  anx 
l;Led  in  that,  his  first  attempt  to  establish  ^.e  existence  o 
the  Columbia  River.    But  a  time  was  coming  lor  hn     to  un 
aertake  it  under  better  auspices.     He  became  rre.ulen    of    1^ 
Lted  States,  and  in  that  character  projected  the  expe<bt  on  o 
Ss  and  Cllrk,  obtained  the  sanction  of  Cong-s^-<^- 
Uiem  forth  to  discover  the  head  and  course  ot  the  mei,  «  o 
luth  was  then  known  for  the  double  purpose  «  opening  an     ■ 
and  commercial  commnnicatiou  with  Asia,  and  - -ging  t  o 
boundaries  of  geographical  science.    The  ;-"'"  ^^  ^  ^ 
was  first  placed  in  his  message,  and  as  the  ob.,o.t  to  le;„nt.mat. 


fO  iiui>t  Ih' 
»  lilt!  uthor, 

of  a  river 
ilthougli  11'- 

its  banks. 

sraml  ami 

0  was  then 
ard,  having 
10  Nile,  was 
more  useful 
!  tl'T  theatre 

St.  I'etcrs- 
iiUl  there  ol"- 
ravei  her  ilo- 
ty,  erosH  tlie 
escentliup:  t" 
5n   the   rivci' 
ri,  asceml  to 
V  the  Missou- 
sissippi,    aiul 
n'ojoot  of  dis- 

to  the  ardent 
'otersl)urg,  ro- 
ved in  Siberia 
}rmission,  and 
n  returned  to 
oring  the  Nile; 
deatli,  and  de- 
[•xplorer,  from 
great  and  use- 
Jefferson   was 
he  existence  of 
for  liini  to  un- 
resident  of  the 
ic  expedition  of 
igress,  and  sent 
:he  river,  whose 
r  opening  an  in- 

1  enlarging  the 
nniercial  object 
'ct  to  U'<ritiniato 


Ho 

the  expedition.  .\ml  thus  .Ur.  Jefferson  was  (he  Jirsl  to  jiropose 
the  Xorth  American  road  to  India,  and  the  introduction  of  the. 
Asiatic  trade  on  that  road;  and  all  tiiat  I  myself  have  either 
said  or  written  on  that  subject  from  the  year  1819,  when  1  first 
took  it  up,  down  to  the  present  day,  when  I  still  contend  for  it, 
is  nothing  but  the  fruit  of  the  seed  planted  in  my  mind  by  the 
philosophic  hand  of  Mr.  Jetferson." 

Fur  Trade.  The  return  of  the  British  expedition,  uiidoi 
C'apt.  Cook,  from  the  northwest  coast,  and  the  reports  whicli 
were  circulated  relative  to  the  abundance  of  fur-bearing  animals 
in  those  regions,  exerted  a  powerful  intluence  on  tiie  merchants 
in  Europe.  Among  the  more  ardent  si)irits  of  that  period  in- 
fected was  John  .1.  Astor ;  that  far-seeing  trader  innnc<lialely 
1  migrated  to  IJaltimoro,  and  engaged  immediately  in  tin;  fm 
trade.  Soon  allcr  he  moved  his  business  to  New  York,  and  op- 
crated  on  a  large  scale.  In  1809  the  Legislature  of  tlic  Km|)irt' 
State  incorporated  the  American  Fur  Co.,  of  which  5Ir.  Astor 
was  the  chief  operator,  and  for  the  jiurposc  of  competing  with 
the  wealthy  Russian  American  Co.,  on  the  northwest  coast,  Mr. 
Vstor  sought  material  aid  from  the  United  States  Congress, 
which  was  refused  on  grounds  of  public  ])olicy  In  1810  i\w 
building  of  a  trading  depot  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
river  was  determined  ujion  by  Mr.  Astor,  on  which  occasion 
Mr.  Jetferson  encouraged  the  undertaking  in  the  following 
terms  : — "  I  remeniber  well  lia\ing  invited  your  proposition  on 
this  subject,  and  encouraged  it  with  the  assurance  of  every  fa. 
cility  and  protection  which  the  government  could  proi)(a-ly  af- 
Ibrd.  I  considered  as  a  great  i)ublic  acquisition  the  eommence- 
meut  of  a  settlement  on  that  i)oint  of  the  western  coast  of  Amer- 
ica, and  looked  forward  Avith  gratification  to  the  time  when  its 
descendants  should  have  spread  themselves  throughout  the 
whole  length  of  that  coast,  covering  it  ;vith  free  and  independ- 
ent Americans,  unconnected  with  us  but  by  the  ties  of  blood 
;md  interest,  and  enjoying  like  us  the  right  of  self-government." 

The  continent  has  been  crossed  on  various  parallels,  explora- 
tions have  been  prosecuted  under  the  guidance  of  scientific  ex- 
perts, the  adaptation  of  the  country  for  railroad  piuposes  has 
been  demonstrated  by  actual  experiment.  The  following  com- 
parative distances  on  tlie  competinir  routes  will  dcmon?trntc  tie 
^llur(^■r^^  .'Hid  nv'.-t  i'r:t''ii<  ;)1  :   • 


.SI 


3,417  miles. 
2,862    " 
3,484    " 
2,942    " 


Dibtanc  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco. 

..     Boston        "  San  Francisco, 
i.        ii  I'  Puget  Sound, 

Th .  i  'onlral  a.ul  Union  IMilrouds,  connecting  tlic  IJay  of  San 
llu  Conlulau   I;  Missouri,  have  been  vn  aotno 

"■";"""  "l  f  .  B  v^  I  ^oavs  ,ast.  Sheunan,  the  highest  el- 
,orl;.ug  ord..  ^^^^^^^  ,  j,,,„,  .  „nu.h  snow  falls  and  ac- 
„vation,  soars  8000  ktt  utc  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^^^ 

^•'I'-f  ^^^'V:r:^\:  t-S:^f  snow-.heds  over  my 
,,„ch  n^-'--^"  ;  On  recent  jo-rney  over  those  rr^ds  afford- 
iiiiles  of  the  road.  Om  ><'^'-"\  ..  / ..^..^^jfces  on  the  route, 
.a  us  an  opportunity  for  ^^^^^^^  ,„,e  little  pro. 
rrom  .hich  -■ -"f;;:^  .;^^,'  ,^,r  The  distance  between  Co- 
,  ,.  "-^  -'l^tul  ina,  in  Washington  Territory, 

"""'  To    8  0, nit  '    The  country  along  tr,is  route  is  level, 
approache    8  0  n  les  ^  ^^  ^^^^^^,^.,,  ^  ^^.^^^^  , 

rich  in  soil  and  pastuia  'j.  ^^^i,     i^rge  herds  of  stock. 

..„a  vegetal^es  i-i;-^^;^  ^  S  c^.stnl.  a  road  over  this 
Steps  have  been  taken  to  >^>  «  ,.    ^his  road  will 

.,Uey,  ^-  a  -— ^:,:^^S:  te  Lthern  counties  of 
contribute  uiaterudlj  to  tic  ben^  ^^  ^^^^. 

our  territory  in  S^'""'^/'  ?  "  und  By  this  route  our  fisher- 
,,,  along  the  vallcj-  o  ^^'^  ^  deep  in  exchange  for 
„.en  will  ^-"«f  y.^"  ^^^^^^^^^^  i„  vast  quantities  and  at  short 
,,e  <^^^-':^''';^^^',our.cJ.  with  our  inland  sea 
notice.     Several  roads  ^'^^'^"'-  .^  ^.,iieh  is  the 

,,,  .„.  in  procc^  of  :^:;^Zt^Z^  ^uget  Sound 
••  Norlli.-rn  raclic  J^^^^  of  mankind,"  has  been  richly 
^^illl  Lake  Superior  and     " "^/'^  ^^f  p„r„p,t  on- 

.truction  ;  some  300  milts  ^i  aUvantagcs  offered 

,,e  -^-"  ";:X:^:ln  are  evident,  embracing 
hy  this  road  to  tun  el  ^Aa  xiai   i  thormil  T^i"'i°  fvcr..  t'...- 

ui  low  grade  of  the  -untavnpa^^,  ^^^^^ner  route.  Thi- 
,,aic..emalbracir^^x^--e.ana^^^^  agricultnral  land. 
,oaa  traverM..    a    k  el    p  ^^^^^^^    ^^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^j^^^ , 

,^,  U-  '-''-^'l^  '^^:,,  :u;  of  those  region..  He  .us^: 
,,oute,  .voord.  »  ^  1^^^  ,^,„  ^^,^,  ■  ,,e.cs  iron,  the  southw.)>. 
..  Along  the  toi^t  Ih.  V^^'f^  ,,  ^«4ify  the  dimoi^ 


'  miles. 
!     " 

I     " 

[Jay  of  Sun 
n  in  active 
highest  el- 
■illrt  ami  ac- 

thc  roads. 

over  fifty 
r\As  attbrd- 
,  the  route. 
!  little  \)ros- 
between  Co- 
rn Territory, 
lite  is  level, 
-  sn'ain,  hay 

JO  '  ' 

id  of  stock. 
)atl  over  this 
his  road  will 
I  counties  ol" 

to  our  peo- 
ite  our  fisher- 
exchange  for 

and  at  short 
iir  inland  sea 
which  is  the 
rnrrei  Sound 
as  been  richly 
:  earnest  coii- 
it  100  miles  of 
ntagcs  oflcred 
?nt,  cmbrat;inp, 

■r  route.  Thi  ■• 
!ultural  laud^. 
.reaving  home:* 
siiiVfyed  tbi-. 
us.  He  s;is^  ; 
I  Ihc  rt'juthv\t>i 
lifv  Ihe  diiD'i^^ 


that  tlie  iso-thennal  Hues  run  i)arallel  to  the  coast,  luuking  the  cli- 
mate of  I'uget  Sound  nearly  a^  mild,  and  in  sunnner  more  aiircc- 
able  than  in  San  Francisco,  while  It  corresponds  closely  witli  that 
of  the  western  coast  of  Europe  in  the  same  latitude,  and  especially 
that  of  the  British  islands.    The  etlect  of  this  amelioration  from 
the  prevalence  of  the  southwest  sea  breeze  is  felt  in  winter,  as 
has  been  here  shown  as  far  east  as  Fort  Union,  on  the  Missouri. 
and  has  a  constantly  apparent  efiect  on  all  the  country  cast  to 
Fort  Benton."     In  an  earnest  desire  to  demonstrate  the  advan- 
tages of  our  northwestern  country,  we  cite  otiier  authority,  show- 
ing the  shortness  of  this  route,  its  grade,  temperature  and  pref- 
erence over  any  other  ;  we  (juote  from  Mr.  Mitchell :    '-Again  n 
glauee  at  thelntcrnal  transit  to  the  valley  of  tlie  Mississippi  by 
railroad  on  the  northern  route  will  show  a  like  result  in  favor  of 
our  position.     The  reconnoisancc  already  made  on  this  route 
shows  that  the  waters  of  Puget  Sound  are  at  least  500  miU's 
nearer  the  great  lakes  and  the  distributing  rivers  of  tht;  great 
Mississippi,  Missouri  and  their  navigable  trilnitaries.     Tiiis  is 
the  only  rival  route  known   to  the  Pacific  Coast.     And  here 
again  the  (juestion  of  altHude,  which  is  the  great  obstacle  in  the 
path  of  celerity  and  profit  in  conducting  railroad  enterprises,  is 
\  astlv  iu  our  favor.     The  Central  Pacific  reaches  a  siunmit  level 
above  the  sea  of  7812  feet ;  that  of  the  Union  P.acific,  in  tlie 
Rocky  IMountains,  is  8250  feet.     Our  highest  altitude  on  the  line 
of  the  contemplated  Northern  Pacific  is  (5000  feet  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  with  a  much  more  favorable  ascent  and  descent : 
Itesides,  the  whole  line  is  comparatively  free  ftoni  obstruction 
Ity  snow,  and  may  be  laid  in  the  midst  of  good  and  highly  pro- 
ductive, well  timbered  and  watered  agricultural  lands  ihrougli 
the  entire  route." 

Wc  conclude  this  important  subject  with  a  ([Uotation  from 
Mr.  Garfield:  "The  route  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad, 
IVom  Lake  Superior  in  the  Mississippi  valley,  to  Puget  Sonml 
.m  the  Pacific,  is  the  shortest  one  possible  between  tlie  river  and 
ocean.  The  line  of  any  Pacific  road  must  cioss  meredians  of 
longitude  and  nut  p-^rar^^ls  of  latitude.  The  further  north, 
therefore,  such  line  '•  .  ■  'd,  the  more  distance  is  siived  by  the 
(.onvorgence  of  tiie  i>  edians.  As  St.  Louis  .nud  St.  Paul 
are  nearly  upon  tin'  same  mcrodian,  and  llkowi&e  San  Francisco 
iud  Puget  Sound,  and  the  northern  route  rune  as  nc^n-  as  piac 
ticabie  to  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States,  it  folio™? 


Mi 

suulhcrn  route,  n.u.st  l.o  crcdiUHl  to  the  northoru  road.    No«  H 
;;::fout  tl^a  t..is  .ou..,.n..  amount,  to  mil  300  uv^Ik. 
tween  the  central  and  northern  routes,  making  the  latter  so 
,u,ch  shorter  than  the   fornn-r.    This  ^V.llerenee  amounts  t<. 
twenty  per  centum  of  the  length  of  the  road,  an  item  of  usUl 
suir.eient  to  settle  tl...  whole  -luestion,  did  not  other  considera- 
tions arise  .     •     U  is  dillicult  to  convince  persons,  unac- 
quainted with  the  country  and  the  causes  alfecting  meteorological 
.onditious  on  the  two  routes,  of  the  fact   that  there   is  U^ss 
liabilitv  t..  ol^structions  from  snow  on  the  ^ortliern  than  on  the 
Ce.itr.U  route ;   yet  such  is  the  fact,  and  I  shall  endeavor  to 
.ssign  some  of  the  reasons  therefor,  which  will  be  icaddy  unde  - 
.toJl  by  everv  one  present.     It  is  known  to  all  that  altitude 
dhninishcs  temperature,  or,  in  common  language,  mercases  cold 
,„d   the   amount   of  snow-lall,  other  conditions   being  e.iual 
Now,  bv  relerence  to  the  table  of  altitudes  upon  the  centra 
,oute,  one  cause  ul  least  of  the  low  winter  temperature  and 
U,avy  snow-fall  on  that  route  will  be  apparent.     Ihc  distance 
,Vom  Omaha  to  Sacramento  is  1 774  miles.     The  average  altitude 
of  11-20  miles  of  this  distance   is  r,2:)0  feet,  while  [the  lowest 
point  in  that  distance  is  elevated  3'..20  feet  above  the  sea  level 
There  are  on  this  route  1100  miles  having  an  actual  altitude  ol 
over  4000  feet,  620  miles  over  .".000  feet,  350  miles  over  0000 
loet,  and  110  miles  over  7000  feet.     By  this  it  will  be  seen  that 
tl,o   averacre   elevation   of  the  country  over  which  tins  route 
p,sses  is  verv  great,  indicating  a  low  winter  temperature  ami 
hoavy  snow-fall.     Experience  proves  this  to  be  true,  and  to  such 
.,„  ,-xtcnt  thai  it  is  vet  doubtful  whether  the  luic  of  road  ex- 
Wnding  through  this  region  can  1)C  operated  successfully  lor 
several    mouths   in  the  year.     Other  can.es   besides  altitudes 
.,,,,,.ate  to  increase  the  snow-fall  upon  the  Sierra  ^evadn  whieh 
....mbine  to  make  them  what  the  Spanish  name  imparls  -  m-y 
snm,y   'nm,nlui,><.     l!y    reference    lo   a    topographieal    map  ol 
North  America,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  general  altitude  of  the 
continent  diminishes  as  the  latitude  increases.    This  not  only 
oives  the  northern  route  lower  summit  levels  in  passing  northern 
P.nov';    but    also   very   much    lower   intervening    districts  oi 
rountrv      It  has  been  ascertained  by  actual  measurement  thai 
the  ..-reat  ..lain  of  the  Columbia  over  which  the  uorthcrii  road 
,mi«>t  pu^-  lif^'  nl  nn  elevation  of  tVom  one  lo  t«-o  ^houpnnd  foot 


Hi 


iiny  more 
.    Now  it. 
miles  bo- 
latter  so 
uounts  to 
11  of  itself 
considcra- 
lOns,  uniic- 
"orologieal 
M'e   is  less 
hiui  on  the 
iideuvor  to 
ilily  uiuler- 
at  altituile 
reuses  cuUl 
ijing  eciual. 
the  central 
jrature  ami 
lie  distaiue 
a<i;c  altitude 
[the  lowest 

0  sea  level, 
altitude  of 

s  over  0000 
be  seen  flint 

1  this  route 
)erature  and 
,  and  to  sneh 

of  road  ex- 
cessfully  for 
Ics  altitudes 
Icvada  whirl) 
iparls  —  VI- r 'I 
lioal  map  of 
titude  of  the 
"his  not  only 
sing  northern 

districts  oi' 
iurement  thai 
iorthcrn  road 
frhouFtind  fcpt 


only  above  the  li'vcl  of  the  ;*ea,  wiiilst  tin:  eorrt'.-'ii'HKlin.!;  Itasiu 
through  which  tiie  coiitrul  route  passes  varies  from  four  to  six 
thousand  feet  higli.     This  fact  alone  will  explain  the  dillcrenee 
of  temperature  and  snow-fall.     But  there;  are  other  causes  which 
increase  this  difference.     Another  is  found  in  the  fact  that  n 
strong  and  constant  atmospheric  current   draws   through   the 
passes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  situated  between  tlic   10°  and 
•19°  of  north  latitude,  during  the  entire  winter.     This  current, 
like  the  gulf  stream  along  our  coast,  is  several  degrees  warm.,  r 
tiian  the  surrounding  atmosphere,  and  exerts  a  strong  influence 
in  modifying  the  mountain  climate  and  reducing  the  amount  of 
snow  there  deposited.     .So  great  is  the  elfect  of  this  current  in 
tiioso  mountain  regions  that  lierds  of  butfalo  from  the  adjacent 
plains,  and  from  regions  far  to  tiie  southward,  seek  this  district 
for  winter  (juarters,  to  find  less  snow  and  better  grass  than  else- 
where.    This   atmospheric  gulf  stream,  oi)crating  in  the  very 
centre  of  the  continent,  and  producing  such  benelicial  results,  is 
so  remarkable  that  its  existence  has  been  doubted  l)v  many  wiio 
have  given  little  or  no  attention  to   the   meteorology  of  the 
central  and  western  portions  of  the  continent.     Its  origin  is 
evidently  to  be  found  in  the  warm  southwest  winds.  Avhich  blow 
constantlj'  during  the  winter  months,  and  are  deflected  to  the 
northwest  by  the  Cascades,  tiie  upper  and  dryer  stratum  idone 
escaping  over  the  mountains  and  reaching  the  Columbia  basin. 
This  stratum  passes  over  the  basin  in  a  direct  line  to  the  nortii- 
east  mainly  as  an  upper  current,  until  it  reaches  the  Itoeivy 
Mountains,  when  it  is  checked  in  its  general  flow  and  escapes 
only  through  the  passes  above  referred  to,  carrying  with  it  the 
temperature  of  the  tropics,  it  gradually  parts  with  its  heat  along 
the  route  natil  its  last  remnants  are  apparently  exhausted  in  the 
p.asses  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.    To  the  same  cause  may  be 
attributed  what  is  popularly  called  the  'Cliinook  winds'  of  the 
Columbia  basin.     These  southwest  winds,  which  ordinarily  cross 
the  basin  as  an  upper  current,  are  occasionally  bci:':  'lovrnward 
and  sweep  along  the  surface.     When  this  occurs  all  tho  phe- 
nomena of  the  Chinook  winds  are  manifest ;  the  thermometer 
at  once  begins  to  rise,  and  it  matters  not  how  hard  t'.ie  frost  or 
liow  deep  the  snow,  tliey  both   rapidly  disappear   under  the 
modifying  influences  of  those  inter-tropical  breezes." 

The  wonderful  phenomena  here  described  by  Sir.  Garfield, 
existing  in  those  regions,  are  real  and  ever  juesent.     Tiie  iiilhi- 


.'-« 'r"':!:nX:o:z::^.<^':^^^ 

"^""'"  'k  X;n^.>^tl2^.1,  how  ...u  he  account  1.r  the 
tropics.     If  thatth(0..\  u         -  ,j,.„^  „,.,.,•  the  In-i-l 

sections   iVin-m-  the  h  ona  >cyi  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ,^ 

.UhhoUUn,  tropi..  ;..-rc  ;  ^J^^;^^  ,_,.  .,,.. 
power  over  o«i  chm.itt  «   y  ^,^  ^^,^^   j.^   ^,^, 

,,,,  tl.-  thenna  P-^  J^  ^^  1.,,,  „,,ost  against  this 
Stales  to  the  s.n.th .'     NN  e  tntc   «'"  j      ;„  ,,„,u. 

t'-y  -  not  -'y;>-;f  ;^-!  ,^  ;:  :r;te  ot  Washington 
ing  rank  injnsUco  to  the  nuh  '"-T^^.^^.^^  ,,.,„,,,  aemonstratecl 
Territory,     in  otlicr  portions  o   t  '»^,;^"'^  repetition 

n>e  origin  of  the  "' ^'»7';;:;;;^;,;^'  '^panose  Current, 
„,.o.  The  uortliwcst  winds  ^'^•^'"H ;  ">  ^^j  ^^jj^^ '  ,,  through 
^,,,,.,,,,,         .itlnnuchU^.,^n      - 

tho  t-ascaae  ^l'^""^'""^^  ""  ^j^^.^^^^^^^  and  subside  in  the 
trate  the  passes  of  the  RocKv  >I«»»^'''"  '*       .,,,^,1,.  ^t^ean.," 

■'*'-'""t:^::.?;;:^-  :\ TiJli..;  «■;..,«„,  .o  .,„. 

:rjr;::;t  «o:;r,,,;a «.  cu,,,,..-.  ,«.„..,.„.„«,.„ 

1„  („vgo„  a,ul  nortLcm  C"!',;;;"''-;;  „,.  „,.j„,„  Asia  ol,<.n» 

Oriental  Commerce.      i>«  ""'";', „„,,,j,,  „,,ipbuiuu,.? 

,„  „mW  «itl,out  tho,  1»»  °V""'\"'''° '.,,„,,,»  to  make 
,,.„„it,  savins  tin,,.  »"^''"'";»  ^  .^^  ^  T  irsi.ort  ,,.».e. 
,,„i,,,  sale,  a„.l  ..I.Ian,  """■«".',"•;„„„  i„„,,  „,e„,i„n, 

..ovhur  little  wear  to  men  or  vessels,  and  a  muui  lu        t 
r,  :'i.,:vi*«.    '^.e  .....e,,  ,„es,e„.e,.,   o    e-nu  » 
,,„„.  ,l„.  l.,oa,l  Sl«it  OeF„.-a  ,„  '««»^>'"-  "'  "'""""f 


1 


rn)st,llu'y 
arfieUl  onlj' 
,"  when  lit' 
lis  iVoiu  Uio 
Hint  fur  the 
r  tho  l'rigi>l 
hwanl,  smtl 

luiYi'  sii»l> 
iicezos  with- 
ions   in   llie 
a.ruiiist  this 
ilso  in  woi'k- 
Wasliiiiji;t()ii 
Icmoiistiiiti'd 
ar  leiH'tition 
ncse  curvont, 
pass  tliroiigli 
\uubia,  peiio- 
ibsido  in  thr 
;ult'  tftrouni," 
;,  laclt'U  with 
,  and  imparts 
•hards  to  thf 
•  cliniato  prc- 
hantliat  found 

rn  Asia  opens 
■i  shipbuihUng 
s  produced  in 
•s,   spices  and 
c,  and  will  V>c 
•onnectingwith 
lis  high  circle, 
tinest  teas  may 
affords  speedy 
hants  to  make 
lis  short  route, 
lower  premium 
conmierce  ^ -'11 
nioonlip.        ■"' 


llieii'  rieh'cargoes  will  pay  tril)Ute  to  our  merchants  and  revenue 
to  our  govenimonl,  while  liie  huge  sliljjs  will  ol'tain  supplies  of 
coal  and  i)rovisions  from  onr  mines,  farms.  ganU'iisand  orchards. 

Routes.  Tlie  following  exliibits  soiiio  striking  facts,  demon- 
strating tiie  relative  faeilities  for  developing  conuneree  with 
eastern  Asia  ;  as  tigures  won't  lie,  we  connuend  this  important 
statement  to  the  careful  attention  of  liiinking  minds: 

Pistnuce  from  New  York  to  Slinngiial,  via  ('lilcago, 

San  Francisco  and  Midway  Island,  10,423  miles. 

Do.,    do.,     via  Korlli  1'.  U.  U.  and  I'uget  SSouud,        8,7")r.      " 

Dist.  ft'om  I'lilludclphia  to  Hhaugh.-ii,  via  Ciiicago, 

San  Francisco  and  Midway  Island,  10,34a      " 

1)0.,    do.,    via  North  P.  It.  I{.  and  Tiigct  Sound,        8,07.')      " 

Distance  from  Baltimore  to  Shanghai,  via  St.  Lonis, 

San  Francisco  and  Midway  Island,  10,o90      " 

Do.,    via  Chicago,  N.  P.  ]{.  II.  and  Puget  Sound,       8,C75      " 

For  nearly  forty  years  on  the  sea  we  have  observed  the  onward 
pi'ogress  of  ocean  steam  na\igation,  and  we  iiaturally  look  to 
the  floating  i)alaces  iis  the  conunon  carriers  of  the  most  valuu])le 
articles  of  conuneree.  The  coarse  freight  will,  as  heretofore,  ))e 
lransi)orted  in  sailing  vessels.  The  lumber  and  coal  i)rodnced 
in  <nu'  l)road  valley  will  entice  the  winged  messengers  to  the 
Sound,  the  steady  northwest  winds  will  waft  them  safely  into  the 
Strait  DeFuca  and  enable  them  to  gain  their  destined  havens  in 
safety.  Sailing  vessels  from  India  bound  to  San  Francisco,  arc 
compelled  to  sight  Vancouver's  Island,  run  down  the  coast  of 
Orcfi'im  and  California,  enter  the  calm  belt  — the  -'horse  lati- 
tildes" — about  the  Farallones,  which  are  (*fteu  aggravated  by 
thick  fogs,  detaining  vessels  for  days,  and  frequently  ending  in 
shipwreck.  Prof.  Mainy  says,  "  The  trade  winds  place  Van- 
couver's island  on  the  wayside  of  the  road  from  Chiini  and 
Japan  to  San  Francisco  so  completely,  that  a  trading  vessel 
under  canvas  to  the  latter  place,  would  talic  the  same  route  as 
if  she  was  liound  for  Vancouver's  islaml,  so  that  all  return 
c-Tirfoes  would  natiu-ally  come  there  in  ord(?r  to  save  two  or  three 
weeks,  besides  risk  and  expense." 

Population.  The  gr.mt  civil  war  in  our  country  has  operated 
adversely  to  our  territorial  development,  —  emigration  and 
capital  have  been  diverted  from  us.  Peace  being  again  restored 
a  healthy  reaction  is  a  isible  ;  replenishing  streams  of  hardy 
[HoueerN  have,  for  several  years  past,  rushed  to  our  shores,  and 
the  orv  is,  "  stdl  they  come."  Tho  recent  cfMisns  indicates  near- 
ly ".0,000  inhabitants. 

12 


Oil 

the  Sonfh  .U..1  thhly-sUlh  sccti.-nH  .vitl.iu  our  ton.  ^  - 
0  support  or  oouunon  schools.     Ou.  pioncors  huv.«  tuk.n   a 

t^M^.i  in  tUo  uudtor  ;  in  every  ..tU^nenl,  nea^  .o,nn>o- 
Z  school-houses  have  been  l.uilt,  in  which  U-  J^^; 

•u-o  tuuiiht  to  shoot.     In  the  piincipn   towus  i.nvatc  schools  1  .vn* 

I'u    :;;^>  ^h  .1,  m  whld,  the  hlgl. .   l.ra.chcs  arc  t.u,ljt  ^^ 
::Lal.le  priceJ.    Con,res«  has  ^1- P^^via.   a  ...  Wn      o- 

...ain  Ibr  bniUlin,  and  n.aintainlng  '^^"7  I^umW  n^^uT 
,  .„i  ot  ^....ttlc  •  a  larcre  wooilcn  structure  with  the  ncctssai.> 
:um  .1 1         l«.'-otc,,  ana  f,nm*o.„vUh  «to,„.„  ■™,... 

o„M  o,,e„.tiou,  ami  alio*  ^oM  fa.il  fc,  to  tl,.  J"  "«• 

llmrches  arc  liberally  siiataiucl,  ami  clergymen  of  .lillaont 
,,™S^n  arclomieiloa  in  oar  tcrrilory ;  tUc  consolalam 
;!;Tr.lian  .■cliglon  i,  fieely  ,li-,>en»c,l  a,„ong  onr  ,«o,.l,. 

"''i;:rx"';jo:i;rrt  radf.  »,„,.  a,.eca™e.t,.«,i. 

cJaml  m,orally',.atr„nizc.new„,c«.     In  on,-  ^^yj^, 

Xth     Wc  haver  several  eironlating  lil.ra.ie.  In  .o-va,  an.l 

'"HoteCnmeient  to  aecommoclate  the  public  a,v  convenient 
i,"Tv"lte..o.no,-eity,  boanl  ami  lodging  ate  ohta,m,l 
at  lower  rates  than  on  the  eastern  slope. 
Enterprise,    m  new  countries  development  .s  cheeked  by 

of  steamboats,  as  Mel  and  water  are  -"""I™";"*.       ,^^„ 
F0».deri.sarcloea.«dn,™.on^l-^^^^^^ 

per  and  other  metals  av(>  worked,     ^to\(  s 


^S  niftVitf'il 

nilov.v  I'oi' 
f>  tak«'n  !i 
it,  c'Oinnio- 
Uiiip:  iiloas 
■hools  liavi' 

tiiii{j;lit  lit 
iiitlci'nt  (lo- 
ll htiH  Itocn 
i  neccHStiry 
»l)i's,  ninps, 

Ih  in  siK'- 

Ollll{I. 

of  (lifl'orcnt 
consolation 
r  onr  people 

>urnc8t  read- 
i^arsoly  pop- 
some  twelve 
and  eaperly 
n  towns  and 

•e  convenient 
arc  obtained 

iS  checked  by 
Onr  prosper- 
twithstanding 
ber,  manufoc- 
1,  and  mining 
and  the  pro- 
lur  calm  sea  is 
us  dimensions 
•mcnt  either  in 
sengers,  mails, 
Onr  placid  sil- 
smaller  classes 


1)1 

a  limited  exUnl.  and  ^renter  development  in  this  Itnineli  in 
hoped  for.  'I'lie  iibiuidMiue  of  iron  and  coal  in  our  valley,  and 
the  great  demand  Inr  a.\e.<  ami  other  edgcd-tools  among  onr 
lumbermen,  Justitles  the  hope  that  lianlware  in  its  \arii)iis 
branches  may  ere  long  lu'  mannfaetured  on  the  S.iMid.  The 
anniud  grain  crops  have  called  .s<.'veral  mills  into  active  opi'ra- 
tiyn.  Various  grades  of  Hour  and  Iced  lV)r  (It)niestic  and  other 
purposes  are  ground  and  birnished  at  moderate  figures. 

Taiincriws  are  in  active  oiK-ration;  the  cheai>iiess  of  hiihi 
and  the  abundance  of  oak.  laurel,  birch,  fir  and  hemlock  bark  in 
(hese  regions,  enable  those  establishments  to  furnish  good 
leather.  The  superiority  of  onr  stock,  the  present  demand  for 
lumbering,  and  the  prospective  reqnircments  of  the  lishermen, 
warrants  earnest  develoiPiuent  in  mamifacturiiig  heavy,  strong 
boots.  Several  establishments  are  now  engaged  in  that  indns- 
try,  and  many  more  arc  needed  to  supply  the  demand,  which  is 
enormous,  and  daily  on  the  increase.  We  commend  this  busi- 
ness lu  practical  boolhiakers  of  means  and  ))luck. 

Health.  Our  romantic  country,  liasking  in  countless  bless- 
in"-s,  cnio3s  an  enviable  eminence  on  the  score  of  health.  Our 
cool  nights  forbi.ls  the  nestling  of  fever  or  ague  in  our  valley. 
The  ills  to  which  the  llesh  is  heir  in  less  favored  climes  seldom 
perch  on  our  shores.  No  poisonous  rci)tilcs  or  mad  dogs  dis- 
turb our  connnunity— (piacks  lictake  themselves  to  honest  lal)or, 
while  "  divine  professors  of  the  healing  art "  reap  their  bread  by 
the  sweat  of  the  brow. 

Onr  limited  space  admonishes  economy,  and  items  of  general 
information  arc  passed  over.  We  append  the  annexetl  exhibit 
fur  the  Teriitury  of  Washington  from  the  recent  census  of  1870  : 


ihich  ircii,  cop' 
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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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UocapitulatiOII.  (ioogit>iihically,  I'liget  .Souml  I'ornis  the 
central  focus  of  our  vast  doiuaiiis  on  the  northwest  coast,  being 
ecjiii-distant  from  San  Diego  on  the  southeast,  and  the  peninsu- 
la of  Alaska  on  the  northwest.  The  iso-thermal  line  of  50'  on 
which  the  great  cities,  universities,  niamifactures,  connnerce, 
and  the  visible  wealth  of  the  world  is  located,  passes  through 
our  vale-of-paradisc.  The  warm  stream  from  the  Indies  loathes 
our  shores,  the  aerial  trade-winds  accompanying  the  "gulf 
stream  "  fan  our  coast  and  modify  om-  temperature,  the  moist 
wind  from  the  tropics  tempers  our  winters  and  bathes  our  fields 
with  vernal  showers,  purifies  our  atmosphere,  re\  ives  the  sick, 
btimulatcs  grass,  mantles  our  pastures  in  living  green,  decks 
our  orchards  with  budding  shrubbery,  and  dresses  our  gardens 
with  blooming  flowers. 

Harbors  are  continuous  and  secure  from  all  winds,  the  ebb 
and  flood  of  the  ocean  tides  facilitate  repairing,  cleaning, 
painting,  and  afford  every  facility  for  seining  and  trapping  fish. 
The  vast  resources  latent  in  and  around  Alaska — cedar,  coal, 
iron,  copper,  silver  and  gold;  furs — bears,  wolves,  panthers, 
elk,  deer,  fox,  etc. ;  cod,  halibut,  salmon,  otter,  seal,  wali-us  and 

^viiale, the  visible  and  invisible  treasures  of  that  gi'cat  territory 

will  be  developed  from  Tuget  vSound.  The  enormous  wealth 
now  slumbering  in  Siberia,  metals  and  furs,  fish,  oil  and  ivory, 
will  also  enter  our  strait  and  pay  tribute  to  our  people.  The 
rich  products  of  the  Indies  will  land  on  our  shores,  and  pay 
freight  to  our  ships  and  revenue  to  our  treasury.  The  North 
Pacific  Railroad,  traversing  over  the  iso-thermal  plateau  of  50°, 
connecting  at  each  terminus  with  ocean  steamships,  -will  trans- 
port the  products  of  Asia  and  the  treasures  from  the  sea  to 
the  marts  of  northeastern  America  and  northwestern  Europe. 
Ocean  steamers  congregating  in  our  waters  will  create  an  active 
demand  for,  and  develop  our  coal  and  iron  and  other  useful  met- 
als ;  founderies,  forges  and  machine-shops  will  be  reared  at  the 
principal  points.  The  lumber  interest  along  our  shores  will 
feel  the  impulse,  and  greater  developmejit  in  this  industry  will 
be  developed ;  shipbuilding  in  all  its  branches  will  attain  a 
"•rand  scale,  i\nd  our  Sound  will  l)ecome  the  great  national  shii)- 
yard  on  the  northwest  coast.  Our  splendid  water  i)owers  will 
also  be  harnessed  and  resound  to  the  music  of  machinery  ;  \ari- 
ous  branches  of  mechanism  will  be  established,  and  manufac- 
turing will  be  developed  to  a  mighty  degree.     Agriculture  will 


04 

prosper  in  the  healthy  I'.ogroHs  pro.ont ;  sloc-k,  hot^oH,  oxen, 
ow  ,  .hoop  and  s.ino,  grain,  hoy,  vogotablcs,  and  the  products 
of  t^  0  dai  V,  garden  an.l  orehard,  .viU  all  bo  in  aet.ve  demand, 
stin  da    d   >    a  ho„>e  nuuket.     Keplonishing  stroan.«  o    hardy 
t^l.  tJour  valley  .ill  keep  pace  .vith  onr  prosper,  y  ;  our 
^a^;^,  valleys  and  hotton.s  .ill  fill  up  .ith  uKlnstr.ous  lanne    , 
vho.in.ring  their  household  gods,  .vivos  and  clnldron,.dh 
1    and  o,;  .asle  places  .ill  soon  smile  .n  domest.c  glad- 
ss    With  the  march  of  industry  society  will  in.provc  :  church- 
'Jchools.  colleges,  newspapers,  and  other  rolimng  agenc.es 
turnup  the  vll,  gardens  will  smile  in  tastelul  llowers  ami 
,osv  <^arlands  nndor  the  guidance  of  intelhgent  women      A.  s 
nud  science  will  flourish,  men  and  woinen  of  gonms  wdl  locate 
o    our  shores  and  find  congenial  retreat  in  nature's  chosen  bow- 
^  -^capital  will  seek  investment  in  our  busy  nutrts-banke  s, 
,„,lerwriters  and  "  money-changers "  will  congregate    and  the 
;;;e.ehant  princes  from  many  lands  will  also  abule  wUh  us  on 

the  mar'^in  of  Tugct  Sound. 

Westward,  Ho  !    The  scattering  at  15al)el  and  the  westward 

J^'^J^'lZ.^^^^^^^       .still  ''marching  on."    The  n^v- 
"tn-ong  is  flooding  onr  shores;  every  water  cral    from  Lu- 

i^me  comes  crowded  with  precious  humanity.     Onr  broad  coun- 
:^Xmos  every  sovereign,  and  .wards  him  with  1^  acres 

of  lan.l ;  the  mighty  stream  travels  in  the  direction  ol  the,  set- 

t  „!  sun.     Many  halt  by  the  wayside  to  pitch  tho.r  tents  m  the 

inland  vallevs.     A  goodly  number,  however,  press  forward  and 
,ss  the  plains  to  find  a  homo  and  a  country  m  that  gema 
■    ,    ,,    u  iheve  the  setting  west  merges  into  the  nsing  east. 

T  ,0  Mediterranean  of  the  northwest,  and  the  Valparaiso  ring- 
,  '  that  calm  sea,  attracts  general  attention     The  highway 
wlK.ro  the  commerce  of  eastern  Asia  must  land,  absorbs  think- 
n'  min.ls.    The  EmiK>rinm  of  the  Indies,  where  the  products  ol 
he  Orient  are  destined  to  enter,  will  be  built  upon  our  shores. 
The  bull  ling  of  a  large  commercial  city  on  I'uget  hound  >s 
!i.U>ly  a  question  of  time  and  circumstances.     ''  I  ean  only  add 
h-vt  the  foundation  of  the  great  commercial  emporium  of  the 
racifie  has  not  yet  been  laid.    The  site  of  that  city  is  now  oc- 
cupied by  a  small  village,  the  lands  of  husbandmen    or  the 
minievarforost ;  but  as  sure  as  commerce  is  controlled  by  fixed 
Hws  as  sure  as  the  world  is  struggling  to  control  the  trade  of 
0  istc'ru  Asia,  as  sure  as  cause  produces  cUcct,  the  foundation  ol 


I'SfH,  oxen, 
he  pvotUicls 
vc  (lemaml, 
iR  of  hardj 
ipcrity ;  our 
3US  laniuTs, 
liklren,  with 
nicstic  glail- 
3VC ;  chuich- 
n<r  njjent'ios 

llowers  ami 
jmen.  Arts 
s  will  locate 

chosen  bow- 
■ts — bankeis, 
;atc,  and  the 
i;  with  us  on 

the  westward 
"    The  mov- 
li't  from  Eu- 
r  broad  coun- 
fith  IGO  acres 
)n  of  the,  sel- 
r  tents  in  the 
I  forward  and 
n  that  genial 
;  rising  east." 
Iparaiso  fring- 
The   higliway 
absorbs  think- 
he  products  of 
on  our  shores, 
iiaet  Sound  is 
I  can  onlj'  add 
porium  of  the 
nty  is  now  oc- 
ndmen,  or  the 
trolled  by  fixed 
ol  the  trade  of 
B  foundation  of 


that  olty  m\\B\)  and  wlU  bo  lai(l  upon  tlm  shores  of  rngoi  .Sound, 
Tiic  nation  is  already  awaking  to  the  coming  greatness  of  the 
far  North  West,  and  beginning  to  leulize  the  importance  of  our 
position  in  the  pathway  of  universal  commerce.  TIk-  grand 
march  of  humanity  is  still  onward  an<l  westward.  Starting 
from  the  plains  of  Central  Asia  in  primeval  times,  man  has 
kept  stej)  with  the  music  of  the  ages  in  his  march  toward  the 
setting  sun.  On  and  on,  across  deserts  and  seas,  mountains 
and  oceans,  as  if  following  the  linger  of  destiny,  he  moves  with 
the  certainty  of  fate.  (Jencrations  perish,  but  posterity  takes 
up  the  march ;  six  thousand  years  have  been  deposited  in  the 
vault  of  eternity,  and  yet  the  tide  of  life  moves  on,  subduing 
nsiture,  building  cities,  cultivating  the  arts,  growing  in  intellect, 
worshipping  God.  Thus  it  has  been,  is,  and  will  be  until  the 
tide  of  human  life  sweeps  across  our  continent,  and  pausing  up- 
on the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  reaches  forth  to  the  land  of  its 
childhood  rising  in  view  in  the  ever  distant  west.  1  thank  my 
(Jod  that  my  home  is  in  the  line  of  this  great  movement  of  the 
race,  and  that  untold  myriads  will  linger  upon  our  shores,  at- 
tracted by  the  varied  resources,  magnificent  climate,  and  com- 
mercial facilities  of  Washington  Territory." — Garfield. 

In  view  of  the  inducements  latent  in  Washington  Territory, 
its  central  position,  spangled  havens,  thermal  winds,  genial 
climate,  vernal  showers,  green  fields  and  smiling  gardens,  inex- 
haustible coal  fields,  minerals,  forests  primeval,  facilities  for 
lumbering  and  shipbuilding,  advantages  for  developing  the 
enonnous  fisheries  on  the  northwest  coast  and  the  valuable  fur 
trade  in  Alaska  and  Siberia,  and  the  superior  convenience  for 
carrying  on  the  commerce  to  and  from  Asia  ami  across  the  con- 
tinent, what  fields  are  here  open  to  the  young  men  of  our 
countrj'.  May  we  not  expect  many  to  join  us  in  develoi)ing  oiu* 
wealth ;  may  we  not  also  look  for  solid  men  of  capital,  with 
their  families,  from  the  east,  following  the  course  of  empire  to 
our  coast  to  locate  homes,  nurture  commerce,  plant  civilization, 
build  up  society  and  social  amenities  among  our  pioneers  in  the 
sunset  land.  From  the  cultivated  nations  of  Europe  —  the 
sunny  climes  of  the  Latins,  La  Belle  Prance,  Germany,  England, 
Ireland  and  Wales ;  from  the  bracing  regions  of  British  America ; 
from  the  craggy  island  of  Newfoundland  ;  from  the  foggy  penin- 
sula of  Nova  Scotia  ;  from  the  rock-bound  shores  of  New  Eng- 
land ;  (Vom  the  bleak  sands  of  the  northern  lakes  ;  froni  theridi 


01} 

u,airio«  of  the  ^vc.t ;  fVom  the  l.roaa  savannas  of  the  sotUh ;  from 
1,0  Uo<.kv  Mountains  and  the  Pacifin  Rlopo  - 

'..  come  along,  come  along,  don't  be  alarmed  ^ 

For  Uncle  Sam  is  rich  enough  to  give  us  all  a  farm. 

TUlUMrilS  OF  THE  FISIIERMKN. 

,n  every  country  .here  the  fisheries  have  boon  ^^^^^^ 
,roseeuted,  they  have  been  .ueeesst.1  "-ser.es  of  d^ovn^ 

=;i;:^;:e:^:=^^^^ 

to  the  fishermen  in  the  "  lake  region  ^  «  ^7;* ,  ^J  ^l 
sneeessful  fisheries  .ere  proseeuted  on  the  lak  ^^^^\ 
noeially  at  Bethsaida  and  Caperuaum,  which  had  P^ov  lu  a 
pcciaio   uv,  ramilics  of  the  fishermen  formed  a 

:;^z^^o^i^^'^^^^'^^  -  -""  """'" 

"'mc'countrics  of  Europe  Wcrlng  o„  tho  Meditemncan  te- 
,  ?r,irM»ios     ThoivpuWio  of  Venice  extende<l  great  fa- 

•    "^  T      ,     .W    imtastrv    and  to-  merctoit,  for  centuries  n,o- 
oilities  to  that  inaui5u> ,  d""  "^^  ,  ,    ,  ,.. 


!>< 


soutli ;  fi'om 


irm. 


jcoiioinically 
if  discovery, 
vc  eimilation 
has  lead  t<i 
langled   witli 

0  abandoned 

;  Jesus,  were  . 

1  lofty  tribute 
irks :    "  Very 

Tiberius,  cs- 
1  provided  a 
lien  formed  a 
nerous  bonds 
r  leisure  gave 
their  manners 
emcnt.    They 
5  of  the  popu- 
i-oducing  great 
tailed  himself 
jcame  his  own 
lored  him,  he 
ireth  and    its 
nd  of  playing 
c  them  fishers 

literranean  fos- 
inded  great  fa- 
•  centuries  mo- 
ifforded  but  lit- 
abroad  to  oper* 
;  Sappho  loved 
3  to  the  Black 
eriod  they  con- 
ected  tribute  of 
Tlio  countries 


of  northwest  lOuropc  hnve  tiiso  given  much  encoMragoiiuMit  t(j 
tlie  lishcries.  Ilulland  has  been  earnest  in  developing  the  herring 
fishery ;  for  centuries  her  Jishermen  held  a  monopoly  of  Hint 
profitable  industry ;  a  proverb  still  prevails  among  tlie  old 
sailors  that  "  Anisterdain  is  l)uilt  on  herring  bones."  The  duties 
of  a  8hi{)master  are  now  well  detlned  ;  a  trim  dipper,  combining 
all  the  modern  im[)rovemcnts,  awaits  his  orders,  well  furnished 
cabins  afford  every  comfort,  tiie  spar,  ro\)(i  and  sailmaker  have 
<'iven  her  wini>s  to  walk  the  waters,  a  merchant  furnishes  a 
cargo  which  llie  stevedore  stows  secure,  the  shipping  master 
contracts  with  the  ship's  company  and  puts  it  on  board,  a  broker 
prepares  the  papers  and  clears  the  Acssel  in  the  custom-house  ; 
all  being  ready  tiie  '•  lord  i)iiramount"  enters  the  ship  bringing 
an  approved  time-i)iecc.  almanac,  navigator,  and  sailing  di- 
lections  over  every  sea.  A  powerful  tug-boat  tows  the  vessel  to 
sea  under  the  guidance  of  a  branch  pilot ;  having  got  an  ofling 
the  favored  man  of  destiny  takes  his  metal  silver  arched  sextant, 
gets  a  sight  of  the  sun,  regulates  his  chronometer,  gives  the 
course  to  the  steersman  by  the  recently-touched  compass,  notes 
the  barometer  and  snutt's  the  gale  afar  off;  his  spacious  charts, 
perfect  in  all  the  discoveries  of  modem  hydrograpiiy,  point  out 
with  precision  the  islands,  rocks  and  shoals  in  his  patli ;  thus 
armed  and  equipped  he  pursues  the  even  tenor  of  his  way.  If 
he  sights  strange  sliores,  lights,  magnified  with  illuminating 
apparatus,  cheer  him  on  his  voyage,  and  if  perchance  he  spys  a 
.■iiiii,  he  sends  and  receives  friendly  greetings  by  means  of  re- 
co<^nized  signals.  On  approaching  his  destined  port  he  sets  the 
"Jack,"  which  attracts  the  watchful  pilot  who  skilfully  conducts 
the  argosy  into  i)ort  and  moors  it  safely. 

Ancient  Mariners.  Jn  early  ages  "  a  life  on  the  mountain 
wave"  was  not  so  pleasant;  the  vessels  were  small,  rudely 
built,  and  scantily  furnished ;  the  compass,  quadrant  or  chro- 
nometer were  not  in  use ;  the  holy  pigeons  and  the  heavenly 
bodies  were  the  guides  on  the  trackless  sea.  Seamen  ivere 
daring,  and  placed  much  confidence  in  lucky  stars  and  sui)er- 
natural  agency  ;  they  launched  out  on  the  waters  and  made  rich 
discoveries,  visited  strange  lands,  explored  seas,  and  established 
trade  with  the  denizens  of  other  lands.  Through  tlie  researches 
of  the  late  Henry  Wheaton,  the  Icelandic  iiiair.iscripti;  unfold 
the  early  discoveries  of  the  European  lisheni.cn  in  Iceland, 
Greenland,  Labra<lor  and  Gaspc  in  the   ninth  century,     lie 

13 


i. 


(i.,wf.   .ii<covi"ri«'s   to  lif  uutlK'Ulu',  tlicy 

I.     .       >•  slum  II  ISC     lUOSC     lllM"'''" 

,„„|,1   l.;u,lj   !'■"'  7'"  '   .rti,.  „,„,,  ,,„i  „l„,s,.  „>i„.l  .imlt 

,v,oi-.l».     11"  """"5  ,,«lal.li»l.mont»  at  (licoi.lmi.l. 

alsorevoml  hcs.uibolol  u  tmlltlons,  hu<\ 

,         a„.l,t  them  1.V  a  voucaUc  „o.son  vl,o  cmed     .J  11..H 
' .  J  "  tcnilJo  olMcmic  that  once  ragccl  among  them. 

h  l„  too,  "ht .,  "<«1  votmn  m  lish.oilaml  I'm-.    This  voyage 

hkon  this  rock  and  the  first  ^vhite  child  put  in  an  ap- 
Z^^^^  ^^--^^^  the  first  flash  of  his  gcnins  to 
Ui"      onv.     r.altimore  hud  do.n  here  the  fonnda  .on  o    u,u- 
sul  brotherhood;  the  first  civil  court  iron,  uhu.h  .en   io.t 
h      nperishable  safeguards  of  the  great  charter  was  ocated  on 
is  "one  barren  isle."     About  one  luuulred  years  before  the 
.din  "^  the  rilgri,ns  at  riyn.outh,  the  city  of  St.  Jo  u.s  was 
t:^"^   and  bccarne  the  entrepot  of  the  period.     One  thousand 


cnlU',  tlit'V 
minis,  wli< 
iniiiil  chv(  U 
r  IhuUii}:  ''  ' 
}an, that  ho 
lonthiont  hi 
.     At  nil 
it  the  illus- 
y  of  North 
lowcver  well 
lie  Icelandic 
•  polished  in 
)  (Jrcouhiud. 
the  relations 
c  in  the  dis- 
Mvreneo,  who 
to  have  wor- 
c  stars ;  they 
rrival  of  the 
■aditions,  had 
nn-ed,  by  this 
them." 

has  developed 
7,  Cabot,  in  a 
iindland,  from 
,  This  voyage 
stimulated  the 
d. 

itod  with  bays, 
ih.    To  this  Kl 
il  directed  their 
luropcau  scttle- 
n  our  continent 
put  in  an  ap- 
3f  his  genius  to 
ndation  of  uui- 
,hieh  went  forth 
[•  was  located  on 
years  before  the 
)f  St.  -Johns  was 
,     One  thousand 


1)1) 

vessels  llshcd  and  traded  around  the  island,  and  |iri^iiircd  valu- 
able fares  a  century  before  any  portion  of  New  Kngland  was 
settled. 

The  resources  so  abundant  around  Newfoundland  have  been 
earnestly  prosecuted.  During  the  war  with  the  American  col- 
onies, the  Hritish  governnunit  nearly  ruined  the  lishcries  by 
making  continual  drafts  on  the  fishermen.  The  Uoyal  Navy 
obtained  its  best  seamen  among  them,  and  they  were  cruelly 
impressed,  entailing  nnich  hardship  and  distri'ss  among  the 
connnunity.  The  restoration  of  peace  was  gladly  hailed  iiy  the 
"  hardy  toilers  by  the  sea,"  and  they  readily  embarked  again  in 
developing  the  lisheries.  llundreils  of  traders  from  Kurope  lo- 
cated along  the  coast,  innnense  capital  was  invested,  and 
healthy  reaction  and  general  progress  was  visible.  The  revolu- 
tion in  France  and  the  wars  incident  to  that  fearful  conunotion. 
created  a  great  demand  for  fish.  In  181-1,  one  million  two  hun- 
dred tiiousand  (luintals  of  dry  fish,  with  salmon,  oil  and  peltry 
amounting  to  ^1  •2,000,000,  left  the  island,  the  merchants  ac- 
cnmmulating  princely  fortunes.  The  business  is  still  success- 
fully prosecuted,  the  past  season  having  ])cen  prolific  of  great 
success.  The  products  of  the  seas  will  approach  S8.00(i.(i(Mi. 
which,  for  a  jjoindation  under  150,000,  speaks  volumes. 

The  French  fishermen  operated  early  in  American  wtiters.  In 
1 .".;)  I  Jaques  Caiton  explored  the  (lulf  o''  St.  Lawrence,  and 
stimulated  the  French  (lovornment  to  inaugurate  a  system  of 
emigration  to  America  on  a  broad  scale.  The  most  available 
shores  around  the  (iulf  of  St.  Lawrence  soon  resounded  to  the 
hum  of  the  fishermen  ;  every  bay  was  thronged  with  boats  and 
vessels — immense  profits  wore  annually  realized,  and  the  ^'lencli 
shipowners  were  numbered  among  the  merchant  princes  in  Ku- 
rope. "Accounts,  Avhicli  arc  considered  authentic,  slu  ■  '.lat 
they  employed  nearly  000  vessels,  and  upwards  of  27,000  :  n. 
ami  that  the  annual  produce  was  almost  1,500,000  quintals  of 
fish,  of  the  vsilne  of  more  than  ^1,500,000."— /Saline. 

Cape  Breton  Island  formed  the  principal  base  in  prosecuting 
the  fisheries  ;  there  they  built  the  city  of  Louisburg,  and  forti- 
fied it  with  200  guns.  Commerce  and  trade  flourished,  palaces, 
churches,  nunneries  and  line  residences  were  numerous,  which 
were  tastefully  adorned  by  suiTOundiag  gardens.  "  This  city 
was  named  in  honor  of  the  King ;  twenty-five  years  and  ;iO,- 
000,000  of  livres  wore  rec|uired  to  complete   it.     Its  walls  wen- 


loo 

,.„i,i  «!•  l.rlcks  l.vonM.t  IVom  Franco.    More  tl-an  two  hu.ulu-d 

L  0     lno\vc^-o  mounto.1  U,  .Wfend  it      So  ,roal  wus  .ts 

:::0^h:i  it  was  called  tho  rnn>U^^^^^ 

,,„,u>orio8  un.l  paluccs,  torraeoH  ,viul  t^unlcus.     11  at  s  icl.  a  c  > 

:  :  ;  on  a  ^oL  .^.^oM.  isl.  in  the  iulam^  o    An.nc.u>_      o 

nixatiin,  apiu-ars  increclihlo.    KM-lanaiion  .s  alon.  Ic.n.l  .n  tlu 

lisl,in-cntln,siaHn.oftheporio.l."-*S«/|mc'.  .,  ,^    ,,,,.,. i.,,„, 

In  um  a  llritish  Hoot,  nndor  (;osnaM,  v  sitod  ^'^  ^  '^: 
una  oxploroa  the  wator.  fringing  that  coast.  apo  ^  -  > -^ 
.,,earltol.avol...tl..^^^^^^^^^^ 

^^s^Trr^iirviai^ 

Taltb  latent  in  and  aronnd  MuHsachnsotts  -^^^!^ 
J^Iin  Britain,  which  raised  an  --to.ont^  and  ^u  UWd 
he  n,ost  adventurous  spiritn  to  vinit  onr  tutors  ;anong 
„,ore  ardent  can,e  the  redonbtable  Capt    John  S.n  h    •  uu 
crv   sencrallv  known   among  the  merchants  of  Kuiope     In 
?.  llmli^.  voyage  to  onr  shores,  explovcd  the  co^^^^^^^^^^^ 
orin.r  on  Massaehnsetts  Bay,  and  drove  a  snceessfnl  tmOe  ^)i«^ 
t  0  n-vt"  OS  and  canght  a  fare  of  cod.     On  his  return  to  Kng- 
1  he    aVeed^  prodncts  of  his  voyage  to  the  ehteo 

irVing  r  he  also  circulated  wonderful  reports  touchn.g  th 
t:.!;:::^  wealth  latent  in  New  ^^^^  j''^  J^^^Z^^ 
people  to  a  degree  of  frenzy.    Merchants  --f  d    a  gdj    n 
he  American  tisheries ,  ofHcers  in  the  army,  ^^^  ^^^ 
vice,  in  numbers,  resigned  positions  f  ^^'^^l"'"^"*/  "r^j"    ';, 
abandoned  their  estates;  Judges  doffed  the  ---'  ;^3^^^^^^ 
their  cassocks,  and  joined  Smith  in  an  enterprise  to  Massac 
eUs  for  «sh,  ^il  and  peltry.     Hundreds  of  ve^ls  -re.  a. 
ihh  products  of  the  land  and  sea  were  eanicstly  sought      1  he 
g^nn  of  our  commerce  was  then  and  there  ';  so^vn  m  .eakn^  • 

Nor  was  the  excitement  confined  exclusively  to  the  15nt..h 
isl^s     "aged  violently  on  the  continent  and  affected  coining 
Hie  .     In  Holland  it  attacked  even  the  staid  ^""t«ns      ih 
ad  for  vears  witnessed  the  successful  development  of  the  ho, 
it  fi  1  on  at  Leyden,  and  they  now  dotemined  to  take  a  hand 
o  th   mo4  excellent  fish  in  America.     In  this  ftame  ol  mind 
hey  sent  a  delegation  to  England  to  thcBrvtish  ^^-g  J^-^; 
His  Majesty  for  the  privilege  to  settle  in  America  and  doN elop 
fi^l-ieJon  that  coast.    The  King  deemed  the  renues      ii- 
vorablo  excuse  to  got  clear  of  a  turbulent  elomont.  an<l  he  g.no 


wo  huiulvcd 
real  wuh  its 
ca.  11  liii'l 
;  Buch  a  citj 
u'liran  "olo- 
I'oiiiid  ill  till' 

:e\v  Euj^himl 
,'  Cod  harlior 
•i>nt  vuiit'tii's 
iiul  fiiniiHiu'd 
lie  strangers, 
wna  cl<\ly  rv- 
1(1  stimulatc'il 
i;  amoiis  the 
Smith,  a  man 
•  Europe.     In 
le  coast  l)or<l- 
I'ul  trade  Avith 
i-oturn  to  Eng- 

to  the  elite  of 
;8  touching  the 
Htirred  up  the 
ted  largely  in 
y  and  civil  ser- 
cnt;  noblemen 
nc ;  clergymen 
le  to  Massachu- 
^els  came,  and 
y  sought.     The 
n  in  weakness." 

to  the  Britisii 
iffected  rommu- 
Puritans.  They 
lent  of  the  her- 
a  to  take  a  hand 

frame  of  mind 
1  King  imploring 
irica  and  develop 
the  request  a  fa- 
ipnt.  and  he  gave 


U)l 

his  consent  readily,  exclaiming,  "  So  (ioil  have  my  soul,  'lis  an 
linnest  trade, 'twas  tiie  vVpostle's  own  calling."  Having  thus 
<.litiiined  tiic  Koyal  sanction,  tiie  Puritans  left  the  old  for  the 
new  worl.l.  After  nmch  trii)ulation  they  came,  they  saw,  they 
coiKinered,— they  made  Plymouth  Kock  the  corner  stone  of  the 
great  li'pulilic,  and  the  result  is  before  the  worUl. 

The  Ihitish  gover.iment  has  always  heeii  partial  to  the  "  home 
merchants."  even  at  the  expense  of  its  colonial  sulijeels.  The 
heroic  pion<'ers  who  planted  the  lirst  settlements  in  America 
were  seldom  careil  for,  their  best  interests  having  often  been 
sacrificed  in  behalf  of  the  home  pets.  In  the  early  colonization 
of  NewfoiUKlland  tiie  shore  boat  fisheries  were  destroyed  in  the 
belief  that  such  destruction  would  help  the  home  licet  on  tiie 
banks.  This  ruin  spread  broadcast  for  several  years,  entailing 
nmch  hardsiiip  and  distress  among  the  liardy  islanders. 

The    British   government   extended  little   protection  to   the 
New  England  settlers.     In  their  wars  witii  the  neighlioring  In- 
dian  tribes  they  relied   wholly  on  their  own  resources;  they 
"  feared  (lod  and  kept  their  powder  dry,"  and  maintained  whole- 
some government  at  every  hazard.     The  French  Acadians  on 
tlie  borders  were  fast  increasing  in  prosperity  and  power,— an 
•'  irrepressible  conllict "  existed  between  the  races,  and  disputes 
were  common,  often  ending  in  sanguhiary  liroils.     The  heroic 
lisherinen  of  Massachusetts  determined  to  clean  their  old  en- 
emies out  of  American  waters  entirely,  and  the  capture  of  Lou- 
isburg  was  planned.     In  174,")  the  merchants  of  New  England 
combined  into  a  league  for  a  iinal   struggle  for  supremacy-. 
They  furnished  vessels  and  the  sinews  of  war.     The  fishermen 
manned  the  fleet ;  medianies,  lumbermen  and  fanners  joined  the 
ranks.     The   expedition  was   conducted   by  Wni.  Teperell,   a 
(isherman  from  Alaine,     "  A  more  undisciplined  body  of  men 
never  embarked  to  attempt  the  reduction  of  a  Availed  city,     'i'hc 
scinadron  commanded  by  "Warren,  and  ordered  to  co-operate 
with  I'eperell,  arrived  in  time  to  share  in  the  jK-rils  and  honors 
of  the   siege.     The   colonial   fleet  and  the  ships  of  the  royal 
navy  kept  up  a  close  blockade.     The  colonists  on  shore,  without 
11  regular  encampment,  lodged  in  huts  built  of  turf  and  bushes ; 
with   straps   across   their   sliolilders   they   drugged   cannon    in 
sledges  over  morasses  impassable  with  wheels.     Making  jest  of 
military  subordination  they  fired  at  marks,  fished  and  fowled, 
r:ieed   and  wrestled,  and  chased  after  the  balls  sjiot  from   the 


Fronch  uun>.     Bu.Uy  nlu'lloml,  an.l  .sl.auHlocl  by  toil  in  mu.l 

Uo    au.l  exposure  in   a  coM   un.i  ,o,,y  climate,  liftoon 

In      l-ame  s Ik  uu.l  nnlll  for  duty.     Still  the  s.e.e  was 

:  .a  ;  U.  surpassing  energy,  with  son.e  Hkill  an.l  eonra.o 

;  .uallea;  nine  tlumsana  cannon  balls  were  cl.seh-r«.^ 

y         asluilants.     The   French  eonnnan.ler  snbnntted  on 

,iV  ninth   .lav  ..f  the   invesln.ent.     The  v.etors  entered   the 

nil"  or  tlie  western  world    an>u.ed  a,   their  own  aelneve- 

"t:;;^ ':'';:.  that  tl.  Bntlsh  ,overnn.ent  restored  I.c.i. 
,..,^  laerwanls  to  the  Freneh,  in  exehan.e  for  -no  .shuuh^ 
the  Indies,  yet  the  blow  was  struck  wh.ch  opened  the  C,u  1  o 
S     T  aire  .  e  to  the  Saxon.     The  British   nat.on   ,ave   httle 
^.td     to  the  colonial  lishern.en  Ibr  their  daring  exi.lo.ts  ;  .n  ense 
'prevailed,  instigated  by  the  wonderful  strules  w  neh  the 
N^  England  colonists  were  n.aking  in  developing  the  hshenes 
aud  commerce.    This  feeling  llnds  an  illustrat.on  .n  a  wr.ter  ol 
t  at  pe  rod  :     ''  New  England,"  he  said, ''  is  the  most  dangerous 
laton  to  this  kingdom  in  America;  none  arc  so  apt  at 
hXlg  o     so  nnaVdled  for  the  nurturing  of  sean.n.  by 
If  their  cod  and  mackerel   nsheries.     In   n.y  opunon 
s  nothing  more  prejudicial  and  in  prospect  n,ore  danger- 
II  to  my  n^oUier  country  than  the  increase  ol   slnps  .n  he. 

'"Thflmperial  Parliament  drank  deep  of  this  poision  and  took 
11,0     tal  steps  .vhich  severed  valuable  branches  from  the  parent 
Z^^S^^^  1'ody  passed  a  law  for  the  ruin  of  the  M. 
^^s  n  New  England,  high  prohibitory  duties  were  lev.ed  on 
I  e.  "ducts  of  tie  foreign  colonies  in  the  West  Inches  land.ng 
New  England.     In  executing  those  measures  the  revenue 
oliee  s  .vercr subjected  to  abuse,  and  in  son.e  cases,  to  bod. 
cl    St  sonent.    The  people  were  ear..est  in  .t.rr.ng  np  a  war. 
0^0   tion  to  this  oppressive  statute.     ''Cheap  sw.ete.nng 
be  "une  the  password  to  f.re  the  northern  heart, -a  text  wh.ch 
r^;      Otis  expo«..ded  with  tellb.g  elfect.     In  all  the  com... o^ 
io"s  through  which  our  country  has  since  passed  -  the  wars 
the  ...;ther  country  and  the  awful  rebellion  .n   he  sout  .-^ 
.heroic  deeds  of  the  lishermen  shine  in  h.etor.c  brass.     The 
I'ee^  "iX-ut"  of  the  ''Horton"  de...onstrales  the  dar.ng 

vilnv  of  the  iisher.iia.i. 

Fishermen  as  a  class  co,.sun.e  less  f.sh  than  is  generally  sup- 


jil  in  mini 
iito,  lllti'on 
■  sicjic  WtlH 
11(1  roiinii;*' 
discliar{j;t'<l 
tuil  on  tl>t! 
•uli'ml  tlu' 
VII  tirhii'Vi'- 

orcil  liOiiis- 
c  iHhviulH  in 
the  C.nll"  of 
iravc  little 
)itH ;  intense 
es  which  the 
tlic  llshories 
1  a  writer  of 
st  dangerous 
re  BO  apt  at 
seamen,  hy 
my  opinion 
iiore  ilanger- 
sliips  in  hov 

lion  and  took 
m  the  parent 
1  of  the  lish- 
jre  levied  on 
ndies  landing 
I  the  revenue 
8CS,  to  bodily 
g  up  a  warm 
sweetening  " 
-  a  text  which 
1  the  coniinO' 
ed  —  the  wars 
1  tlie  south  -- 
c  brass.    The 
ites  the  daring 

generally  sup- 


|l)u 

posed;  tiiey   seldom  Inui  li  the   coarse-grained   portions,— tiie 
jowl,  lii»,  tongue,    sound  and  nape   constitute   tiieir  (Ish  diet. 
Learned   physiologists   assert   tiiat  sweet  fresh   llsli,  i)roper!y 
cool^ed,   ali'ords    thi"    most   desiral>l(^   brain    food   and    healthy 
nourishment  for  intellectuid  (level<)l>ment ;  tiiis  theory  accounts 
in  part  for  the  success  among  llshernu'u.     As  a   refornuilory 
school  the  (Ishing  cralt  alfords  genial  scope  to  the  nu)st  un- 
governable youth  ;  the  keen  desire  to  he  high  line,  and  the  burn- 
hig  ambition  to  lead  in  sailing,  renders  this  calling  the  most 
ai'ceptabh-.     Msmy   a  runaway  boy   has   risen    to    honorable 
positions  of  trust  "through  this  live  industry.     Poor  boys  engage 
in  it  at  an  early  age.     The  season  embraces  eight  months,  whieli 
is  devoted   to  lilting,  lishing  and  curing;  the    few   inclement 
months  alford  an  opportunity  for  acquiring  the  rudiments  of 
cducatit)n  in  the  j^oor  boy's  college —  the   free  sehools.     From 
such  himible  beginnings  some  have  risen  lo.eommereial  renown  ; 
the  Pattens,  Cushings,  Collins,  Bacons,  Howes,  Fosters,  Bakers, 
Nickersons,   llydcrs,  Lombards.   Westons,   Holmes',   Baxters, 
llallets,  Sturgis,  Grinnells.  and  others  among  our  merchant 
princes  now  basking  in  wealth,  have  won  their  earliest  laurels 
at  the  cod-line. 

LogiHliltiOIl  friendly  to  the  development  of  our  lisheries  is 
now  earnestly  demandetl  and  appeals  warmly  to  our  govern- 
ment. The  depressed  condition  of  our  shipping  unites  in  this 
call.  Commendable  ellbrts  have  been  put  forth  to  stinuilatc 
shipbuilding.  Wc  submit  a  few  practical  suggestions  to  the 
-assembled  wisdom"  of  our  country  touching  the  needed 
measures  most  likely  to  stimulate  our  llsliol'ics,  and  the  devel- 
opment of  our  commerce : 

First  —  A  governmental  subsidy,  payable  on  the  products  of 
the  sea. 

Second  — The  immediate  incorporation  of  British  America 
with  our  country. 

Lastly— The  creation  of  a  department  in  our  government 
stipervising  our  fisheries  and  commerce. 

The  maritime  nations  of  northern  Europe  have,  from  time 
inunemorial,  encouraged  the  fisheries  — a  policy  which  has  been 
crowned  with  happy  success.  Denmark  pays  large  sums  amui- 
ally  for  developing  the  lisheries  around  Iceland  and  Greenland  ; 
that  industry  has  attained  great  proportions,  and  is  earnestly 


i 

I 
I 


inusocM.tea  wilh  ^uod  icM.lls.  The  llrili.h  l>arliaim.iit  ^0. 
nnutoa  direct  subsidies  to  the  lishing  vessels  from  the  Lmted 
Ivin.'.lun.  emi-loved  in  the  American  fisheries;  mdirectfaciht.es 
nreulso  extended  to  the  Imsiness;  the  capital  invested  is  free 
from  taxation,  and  the  outfits  are  obtained  in  bond,  sav,n-  con- 
siderable to  tlu>se  en-iajicd  in  the  l)usiness. 

The  French  government  have,  for  centuries,  -iven  the  o-reatesl 
premium  on  llsh.  From  tl>e  interesting  report  on  the  Amenean 
Ki.l.eries,  by  Hon.  Lorenzo  Sabine,  and  printed  by  the  Secretary 
ol-the  Trea;urv  in  1853,  we  learn  that  the  National  Assembly 
of  France  has^assed  a  law  of  the  following  tenure  relative  to 
the  great  maritime  fisheries,  June  -ilth,  and  J-.ly  Dth  and  iiM, 

CnAi'  1  Cod  Fishery.  From  the  1st  of  Jan.,  1S52,  to  the 
:5oS"o;  June,  1.S01,  the  bounty  granted  for  the  encouragement 
Mf  the  cod-lisherv  will  be  as  follows  : 

1    St-  Bounty  on  outfit.     Fifty  francs  per  maii  of  the  c  ev 

1     .^  in  tl,P  lisherv  either  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundland, 

TS^  Ws^and  th Seloll  or  ^  the  Grand  B.nk,  and  possess- 

,  „■  .hvulr  nlace  Fifty  francs  per  man  of  the  crew  employed 
llft^^'SKheiy  without  i  drying  place.     ™rty  francs 

"  r  min  of  the  crew  employed  in  the  lishety  on  "^l-  Grand  B^^^^^^^ 
,•  Newfoundland,  and  without  a  drying  place.  Fifteen  fiancs 
or  m  u  of  the  crew  employed  in  the  Dogger  Bank  fishery. 
^  si  mui- Bounty  on  the  produce  of  the  fishery.  Twenty 
n-uics  er  metric  quintal  of  dry  codfish,  the  produce  of  the 
li.uus  pu  n  LI  ,  ■        1  pitiiev  direct  from  the  fishing  es- 

StSo/?ri^rSpSt:of  France,  for  the  markets  of  the 
kS    X^     of  An.eriea  and  India,  or  for  the  settlement  on 
he  west  coast  of  Africa  and  other  transatlantic  countries.   iV.- 
i    always,  That  the  fish  be  landed  at  a  port  wliei-e  there    s 
/Frc'.c     Consul.     Sixteen  francs   per  metric  <iuii.  al  o    dr^ 
ixf   1      he  P  oduce  of  the  French  fishery,  shipped  either  direc 
he  f H  in-  settlements,  or  from  the  ports  of  France,  and 
SuiS  I  nZ  eountnes  of  Europe  -^  the  fore^.  ^^te^  on 
the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  Sardinia  and  Algena  1  en 
exec    ed.     Sixteen  francs  per  metric  (luinta    of  dry  cod 
ho  mo  luce  of  the  French  fishery,  that  may  be  imported  into 
e  F  e  ch Colonies  of  America  and  India,  "'-  .  «tl»«;->ransat  an- 
o  coil    ries  where  such  fish  are  exported  from  the  ports  of 
France  wthout  having  been  landed.     Twelve  francs  per  me  m 
wni  nf  .Irv  codfish  the  produce  of  the  French  fishery,  ship- 
•'"V'\t  S  ux^inK  an     Algeria,  either  direct  from  the  fishing 
S  1  meiits  or  ^om  the  ports'  of  France.    Twenty  francs  per 
,  0    i?  uintal  of  the  liar.l  roe  of  codfish,  the  produce  of  the 
Yvlnch  fishery,  brought  into  France  by  their  fishing  vessels. 

Metric  quintal -220'i  lbs. 


uufiil  npiiiu- 
II  the  Unitt'tl 
ircct  fiicilitics 
■estcd  is  frco 
I,  siiviiv;'  con- 

11  tlipp,rc!itost 
tlio  Aimniojui 
Iho  SoiTotary 
i\i\,\  Assoinl)ly 
irc  vcliitivc  to 
'Jill  ami  '2-2([, 

,  l«5-2,  to  tlic 
nt'OurivgeiUL'ut 

1  of  tlio  crew 
iewfoundland, 
:,  and  possoss- 
jrew  employed 

Thirty  francs 
.0  Grand  Bank 
Fifteen  francs 
ik  fishery, 
lery.  Twenty 
iroducc  of  the 
the  fishinu;  es- 
niarkets  of  the 

settlement  on 
'onntries.  Prn- 
wherc  there  is 
(piintal  of  dry 
?d  either  direct 
of  France,  and 
eign  States  on 

Algeria  being 
)f  dry  codfish, 

imported  into 
ther  transatlan- 
m  the  ports  of 
mcs  per  metric 
h  fishery,  ship- 
om  the  fishing 
enty  francs  per 
produce  of  the 
ing  vessels. 


lo:. 

The  Dominion  of  C'aiiiida  pays  liberal  subsidies  in  developing 
the  fisheries,  and  the  business  is  cfirnestly  prosecuted  with  ap- 
l)arcnt  success.  The  completion  of  the  railroad  to  Halifax,  and 
the  prospective  benefit  from  the  "Treaty  of  Washington,"  will 
stimulate  tho  colonial  fisheries  and  rear  a  grand  commerce. 

The  fishing  industry  engaged  the  most  earnest  attention  of 
our  early  statesmen ;  tho  »var  of  Independence  sprung  out  of 
measures  directly  atl'ecting  that  business.  The  restoration  of 
peace,  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  and  tho  wheels 
of  government  being  in  motion,  the  time  was  opportune  for  in- 
uuguratinif  measures  of  relief  to  the  fishermen.  In  1790, 
President  Washington,  in  his  annual  message,  submitted  to 
Congress,  that  "The  navigation  and  the  fisheries  of  the  United 
States  arc  objects  too  interesting  not  to  inspire  a  disposition  to 
l)r()inote  them  by  all  means  which  shall  appear  to  us  consistent 
with  their  natural  progress  and  permanent  prosperity."  Con- 
gress acted  on  that  wise  policy  and  appropriated  a  specific  sub- 
sidy, graduated  to  the  capacity  of  the  vessels  emploj'cd  in  the 
fisheries.  In  1802,  President  Jefferson  urged  upon  Congress 
tlie  propriety  of  fostering  our  fisheries  "  as  nurseries  of  navi- 
gation and  the  nurture  of  man."  Here  we  behold  the  master 
mind  of  the  period  leading  in  the  path  of  progress,  "  the  man 
of  great  ideas,"  who,  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  in- 
dicted the  British  King  for  open  violation  of  English  laws  ;  the 
political  economist,  who,  in  the  very  first  year  of  our  national 
existence,  equipi)ed  Lcdyard  and  sent  that  famous  traveler  to 
tlie  northwest  coast  of  our  continent  for  the  puipose  of  finding 
tlic  Columbia  river  and  its  facilities  for  commerce  ;  the  far-seeing 
piitriot  under  whose  auspices  Lewis  and  Clark  crossed  to  the 
Pacific  to  locate  a  national  route  ;  the  philosophic  brain  which 
stimulated  Astor  to  plant  an  American  colony  in  the  wilds  of 
Oregon  to  develop  the  fur  trade  among  the  Indian  tribes  in  those 
regions,  and  to  inaugurate  commercial  intercourse  with  the 
people  of  eastern  Asia ;  this  live  statesman  now  prevails  on 
Congress  to  weld  the  connecting  link  in  the  chain  of  American 
destiny,  by  subsidizing  the  fisheries  as  the  sure  nursery  of  a 
mighty  commerce.  The  committee  to  whom  this  matter  was 
referred,  submitted  that  "  There  was  too  much  reason  to  believe 
ihat  both  the  whaling  and  codfishcries  had  been  for  some  time 
on  the  decline.  ...  As  a  means  to  reanimate  them  they 
ro(>ommcnd  that  vessels  actuallvemploved  in  the  fisheries  sliojdd 

u 


;p 


'h 


Ii.h; 

1,01  be  subjected  to  the  payiuent  of  tumiaye  <luty  :  tbnt  IIsIkt- 
luen  sUouia  bo  exempt  from  the  charge  of  hospital  money  ;  and 
that  the  bounty  under  existing  laws  shonld  be  paid  in  eases  ol 
sliipwreek."    This  recommendation  Avas  adopted,  and  the  fislung- 
industry  prospered  for  a  season.    The  embargo  proved  disastrous, 
nmeh  distress  prevailed;  the  war  witli  England  eoniplete.!  the 
ruin  of  the  business;  many  vessels  were  captured  or  destroyed, 
whieh  inflicted  untold  hardships  on  the  iishing  eonmmnities. 
After  the  proclamation  of  peace  Congress  came  to  the  rescue, 
high  duties  were  levied  on  all  imported  flsh,  and  healthy  *le- 
velopmcnt  followed.     In  1810  Congress  increased  the  bounty  ; 
vessels  imdcr  thirty  tons  obtained  three  dollars  and  a  hall, 
lar<rer  vessels  four  dollars  per  ton  ;  no  vessel  received  over  three 
hundred  and  sixty  dollar's  in  one  season.    The  subsidy  thus 
provided  was  subject  to  conditions,  as  to  men  and  the  tune  de- 
voted to  the  fisheries.    Tlie  premium  paid  stinudated  connneroe 
along  the  eastern  coast;   swift  vessels  have  been  launched; 
oceans  and  seas  have  been  explored ;  islands  and  reels  have 
been  discovered ;  the  monsters  of  the  deep  have  been  captured  ; 
the  sails  of  our  fleets  have  whitened  every  bay  ;  the  bounds  o( 
civilization  have  been  extended,  and  the  "  Star  Spangled  ban- 
ner" has  waved  in  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth.     The  r;.ic- 
cess  which  has  crowned  the   governmental  bounty  exceeded 
the  most  sanguine  expectations  of  its  early  advocates.    This 
wonderful  prosperity  excited  the  jealousy  and  animosity  of  the 
ac^rieultural  sections  in  the  south  and  west,  and  a  virulent 
crusade  was  fomented  against  it.    On  the  20th  of  Feb.,  18a2, 
the  following  circular  from  the  Treasury  Department  was  issued 
to  the  Collectors  of  Customs : 

"  For  the  pux-pose  of  producing  uniformity  in  the  requirements 
of  proof  by  Collectors  who  are  charged  with  the  allowance  of 
bounty  on  the  tonnage  of  vessels  employed  in  the  codfisherics, 
it  has  been  deemed  advisable  to  embody  the  existing  regula- 
tions.    ...    No  fishing  vessel  of  which  the  fishermen  are 
compensated  for  their  services  on  board  by  wages  is  entitled  to 
liounty.     ...    No  fishing  vessel  is  entitled  to  the  l)0unty 
unless  it  is  proved  that  the  master  and  three-fourths  of  her 
crew  are  citizens  of  the  United  States.     .     .     •     From  the 
original  act  of  1792,  changing  the  drawback  on  dried  fish  ex- 
ported, to  bounty  on  tonnage  employed  in  the  eodfisheries,  it 
1ms  been  held  that  to  entitle  any  vessel  to  l.ounty.  she  must  have 


;   tl\iit    lisliiT- 
monoy ;  and 
1  ill  cases  of 
11(1  the  fishing- 
odclisastrous, 
'oini>lctc(l  llif 
or  destroyed, 
communities, 
to  the  rescue, 
i\  liealtliy  de- 
l  the  bounty  ; 
3  and  a  ludf, 
ived  over  tlnee 
I  subsidy  thus 
I  the  time  dc- 
ited  commerce 
een  launched ; 
ind  reefs  have 
been  captured ; 
the  bounds  oC 
Spangled  IJan- 
rth.     The  r;.ic- 
)unty  exceeded 
Ivocates.    This 
nimosity  of  the 
ami  a  vinilent 
I  of  Feb.,  1852, 
nent  Avas  issued 

he  requirements 
ic  allowance  of 
ihc  codflsheries, 
existing  regulu- 
e  fishermen  are 
es  is  entitled  to 
I  to  the  bounty 
j.fourths  of  her 
.     .     From  the 
m  dried  fish  eS- 
e  codflsheries,  it 
tv.  wliemust  have 


1U7 

Ijccn  employed  e\chi.si\ely  in  catching  coiljlsh  fur  the  purpose  <>/ 
heinrj  dried.  .  .  .  Xo  part  of  ti  voyage.,  in  which  halibut, 
mackerel,  or  an>i  other  fish  are  taken  as  well  as  cod,  can  be 
reckoned  as  a  portion  of  the  time  required  by  law;  the  fare  must 
be  regarded  as  one  of  mixed  fishery,  which  cannot  be  taken  into 
computation  of  the  time  required  for  bounty.  .  .  .  IJut  tlie 
taking  of  mackerel  by  any  vessel  under  codfish  license  is  regarded 
as  a  violation  of  the  license  laivs;  such  illegal  Jishery  during  any 

seasomcill  forfeit  all  claim  to  bounty  for  that  season 

Vessels  employed  in  taking  lish  for  sale  in  a  fresh  condition,  '/>s 
well  asjish  to  beprescrred  by  pickling,  are  not  within  the  bounty 
laws,  and  no  voyage  in  which  such  fisheries  arc  pursued  can  Ije 
legally  computed  as  any  part  of  the  period  retiuired  for  the  al- 
lowance of  bounty." 

This  extinguisher  was  carried  out  to  the  letter  by  the  revenue 
agents,  and  oi)erated  to  closv  the  subsidy  to  many  fishermen. 
Secretary  Cobb  drove  the  last  nail  in  the  coffin  when  he  issued 
his  constructions  to  his  sul)oi'dinates.  Xo  matter  how  just  the 
claim,  the  master  (jf  a  \essel  could  not  obtain  the  fishing  Ijounty 
except  through  open  perjury.  Thus,  no  honest  man  would, 
under  the  circumstances,  apply  for  it,  and  the  humble  nursery  of 
our  commerce  "  died  of  a  rose  in  aromatic  pain," 

In  view  of  the  premium  which  commercial  nations  arc  an- 
nually paying  to  their  fishermen,  and  the  depressed  condition  of 
our  shipping  interest,  Congress  should  nc^v  step  to  tlic  Acrge  of 
its  power  in  subsidizing  the  American  fisheries  on  a  scale  com- 
mensurate with  their  extent  and  value. 

All  vessels  participating  in  our  fisheries  should  be  built,  rig- 
ged and  equipped  out  of  the  products  of  our  country  ;  to  cany 
a  specified  number  of  boys  as  a  i)art  of  the  crew,  and  to  devote 
six  mouths  in  fitting,  fishing,  curing  and  marketing  fish  ;  vessels 
thus  employed  to  receive  governmental  subsidy  on  the  produce 
of  the  salt  fisheries,  one  cent  per  pound  on  dry,  and  one  half 
cent  per  pound  on  pickled  fish.  This  bounty  falls  much  lowei 
than  that  annually  paid  by  the  French  government  to  its  fisher- 
men. 

It  has  been  shown  that  the  '•  Yankees"  captured  J.ouislturg 
and  opened  the  Gulf  of  St,  Lawrence  and  the  adjacent  llsjiing 
grounds  to  the  Saxons.  Through  a  bloody  l)ai)lisni  they  won 
their  title  to  those  regions  :  conscious  of  their  rights,  they  and 
their  dcsccudcuts  have  resorted  to  the  pro\  incial  ^^  atcrs  in  qucbL 


lli.s 


ur  irciisuros  hitful  lliciu.     The  peuiiU- 
oC  tlip  maritiino  colonics  have  realizcl 
hail  onr  nshcnncn  as  "  ministering  angels." 
wc  witnessed  many  acts  of  kindness  IVoiu  tlu 


(luiiiieileil  on   Uie   slioivs 

substantial  licnelits,  and 

In  oiu'  lioyliooil 

American  tislu  r- 


men  to  our  country  people  on  Trince  Kdward  Island.     We  l<now 
tiiat  the  generosity  of  the  "  Yankees  "  have  won  the  grateful  ap- 
preciation of  the  inlial)itants,  and  that  a  majority  are  anxious 
f„r  immediate  union  with  the  I'nited  States.     The  hardy  toilers 
in   Newfoundland   arc  also  knocking  for  admission  ;    neither 
threats  or  l)landishmcnts  sulllccd  to  rope  them  in  with  the  Ca- 
nadians.    From  Nova  Scotia  we  have  the  "  glad  tidings  "  tliat 
tlie  heroic  fishermen  along  that  coast  are  most  earnest  for  "  a 
closer  walk  "  with  onr  republic.    Tlio  railroad  to  Halifax  will 
bind  the  union  and  consummate  the  nuptials.     New  Knmswick. 
sandwiclied  in,  will  "follow  the  lead"  of  her  more  advanced 
neighbors,  and,  like  ripe  fruit,  will  on  some  fnic  morning  fall  of 
its  own  weight  into  I'ncle  Sannicl's  basket.     :Mantil)0  has  been 
heard  from  ;  Rielly  and  his  compatriots  have  given  some  strik- 
ing yearnings  for   a  change.     Britisli  Columbia  has  spoken 
in^'plain  lang'iiage  to  her  JIajesty,  Victoria  ;  the  people  of  thai 
romantic  colony,  with  womlerful  unanimity,  petitioned  rresident 
Crant  to  have  mercy  upon  them,  and  to  incoiiiorate  them  witli 
the  universal  Yankee  nation.    'I'hus  we  observe  the  commercial 
interests  along  the  entire  seaboard  of  the  "  Dominion"  seeking 
closer  relation,  and  "a  more  perfect  imion"  with  our  country. 

The  i)Coplc  of  Canada  will  soon  see  the  great  benefits  to  be 
realized  from  an  early  incorporation  into  our  family  of  States. 
Tlie  great  Northwest  is  fast  developing  in  material  wealth  ;  that 
prolific  section  depends  mainly  on  the  St.  Lawrence  as  the  nat- 
ural channel  to  the  markets  of  northwestern  Kurope.     The  early 
completion  of  the  North  Pacific  Railroad  through  a  fertile  belt 
of  land  and  terminating  at  Lake  Superior,  will  stimulate  indus- 
try.   The  Welland  Canal  affords  a  shallow  channel  for  trans- 
porting the  vast  products  of  the  farm,  forest  and  the  sea.     Iii- 
ternarimprovemcnts  commensurate  with  the  requirements  of 
commerce  must  be  inaugurated  ;  spacious  canals  arc  demanded, 
which  call  for  cnormotis  expenditures ;    hundreds  of  millions 
nuist  be  forthcoming  to  consummate  those  great  measures   so 
l)cneficial  to  our  country   in   general,   and   particularly  U>  (he 
Northwest  coast. 


Id'.l 


1   llif   >lu)ii's 
liciu'litH,  aiitl 
:>m'  boyliootl 
■ricaii  lislu  I- 
.     We  know 
3  grateful  ai)- 
arc  anxious 
hardy  toilers 
ion  ;    neither 
with  the  Ca- 
itlings"  tliat 
rnest  for  ''  a 
Halifax  will 
ft-  Bninswielv. 
are  advanceil 
orning  fall  vl' 
ibo  has  been 
»  some  strilv- 
i  lias  spoken 
eople  of  that 
ned  President 
tc  them  ^vitll 
c  coinmcreial 
lion  "  seeking 
nir  country, 
tcnefits  to  be 
ily  of  States. 
1  wealth;  that 
L'C  as  the  nat- 
ie.     The  early 
a  fertile  belt 
imulatc  indus- 
lel  for  trans- 
the  sea.     Iii- 
quircniciits  of 
arc  demanded, 
:1s  of  millions 
t  measures   so 
cularlv  to  (lie 


Her  Majesty's  sulijeets  in  iJrilisli  America  iiavc  made  luiii- 
meiulable  advancement  in  material  and  intellectual  progress. 
Tliey  liave  been  nurtured  in  Die  princii)lcs  of  tlie  great  cliarterof 
ri'cedom,  and  are  well  (|ualilied  to  maintain  liberal  self-govern- 
ment. They  liave  made  liealthy  strifles  in  developing  industry 
and  meehaniKni ;  they  will  eomc  into  our  I'nion  on  the  Itroad 
l)h\{funn  ^)l' cffunl  n'ljhtK.  Tlie  C'anadas  and  the  maritime  colo- 
nies will  enter  as  Sovereign  States,  reserving  to  their  respecti\e 
legislatures  tlie  control  of  local  atfairs.  Mantibo  and  Ihitish 
ColinnViia  sliould  be  admitted  as  Territories,  under  the  same  res- 
traints and  subject  to  the  same  laws  regulating  atfairs  in  "Wyom- 
ing, Idaho  and  other  territories. 

Tliis  policy  oilers  the  best  method  for  settling  the  "  Horton" 
case,  and  the  surest  guarantee  for  the  future  maintenance  of 
harmony  and  good  will.  Healthy  progress  will  follow  ;  peace- 
ful coinmerce  will  thrive  ;  the  tishermen  will  comiiete  for  the 
treasures  of  the  deep  under  tlic  protecting  ivgis  of  tlie  Union 
jhig,  with  none  to  molest  them  ;  shipbuilding  will  be  stimulated 
under  "</*e  neio  dispensation ;"  mechanical  labor  will  lie  in  active 
ilemand,  and  our  peojilc  will  rejoice  "  in  the  good  time  coming." 
Our  government  should  lead  in  this  measure.  President  Grant 
should  earnesti}'  recommend  this  theme  in  his  forthcoming  mes- 
sage. Congress  may  take  timely  heed  and  pass  liberal  enabling 
acts  inviting  the  Britisli  colonists  into  the  great  national  house- 
hold. Every  etlbil  should  be  put  forth  tending  to  unite  tlie  great 
.\nglo  Saxon  race  in  the  bonds  of  political  \mU\  and  fraternal 
lirotherhood.  As  a  native  of  British  America,  we  do  hope  to 
sec  that  vast  domain  unitetl  to  tlus  great  Republic.  We  hail  the 
healthy  progress  annually  made  to  this  end,  and  Avill  rejoice  in 
the  early  reunion  as  a  step  in  the  right  direction. 

The  acquisition  of  Alaska  has  added  much  to  our  scanty  fish- 
ing grounds.  The  prospective  incorporation  of  the  inaritime 
provinces  of  British  America  with  our  country  will  enlarge  our 
facilities.  Such  broad  banks,  teeming  with  spontaneous  treas- 
ures, afford  an  inexhaustible  nursery  for  rearing  a  gi'and  com- 
merce. Friendly  legislation  will  quicken  the  development  of 
this  prolific  industry.  Political  eco7io7nists  can  devise  no  surer 
2>olicy  for  reviving  our  shipbuilding  than  by  extending  material  en- 
couragement to  our  fisheries.  A  specific  department  of  our  gov- 
ernment should  be  created  to  supervise  this  l.iranch  of  national  in- 
dustry.    All  vessels  employed  in  the  whaling,  walrus,  sealing  or 


no 

v.ll  i\>ih\u'r,  sUoul.l  lu>  liiniiHlu-a  witli  l.liiuk  log-hookb  and  diurU 
nmtis.  irisoovcries  of  (isliins  gioun.ls  or  otlicv  useful  infornm- 
;•„„,  toufhint?  the  fishoiios.  should  l.o  freely  dissou.iuated  lu  nu- 
„„al  reports  nuion-  o.u'  lishernieu.  It  is  time  that  organic 
measures  should  he  inaugurated.  Congress  should  move  ear- 
nestly  in  the  matter,  to  the  en-l  that  the  fisheries  of  our  country 
uiiiy  he  properly  developed. 

CONCISION. 
Th»'  humhle  suggestions  herein  suhihitted  are  founde.l  on  oh- 
M.rvations  noted  in  .liflerent  countries  d(uing  the  imst  f<.rly 
v,..ir^  We  conunend  them  to  the  careful  attention  of  thinking 
;„inds  iu  the  hope  that  a  more  liberal  policy  may  bo  adoi.ted  in 
iK.halfofourllshing  industry,  our  depressed  shipping  in  gen- 
ial, and  the  Northwest  Coast  in  particular. 

"  Westward  the  course  of  Empire  tnkes  its  way, 

The  first  four  acts  already  past; 
The  nflh  shall  crown  the  drama  of  the  day, 
Time's  noblest  oflfepring  is  the  last." 


POSTSCRIPT. 

In  descrii)ing  the  northwest  coast  and  the  shores  of  Siberia, 
we  have  undertaken  "  a  big  thing ;"  100,000  miles  of  shore  line 
lived  with  the  warm  stream  from  Japan,  and  teeming  with  visi- 
ble and  invisible  treasures,  forms  a  large  subject  to  be  demon- 
ate      n  a  pamphlet  of  one  hundred  pages.     During  our  voyag- 
ing on  the  North  Pacific  we  have  visited  many  places  and    vi  - 
osse    some  of  the  resources  herein  set  forth.     In  conhrmation 
f  our  observations  we  have  quoted  well  known  authorities : 
UrDSson,  Superintendent  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Survey, 
(AMl;"ltThon;asam\l)avis,of  the  United   States  army,  have 

'"in  S^mlnSiS'pugct  Sound  and  its  beautm.1  scenery  and 
elimate,  we  have  drawn^nuch  on  Wilkes,  David.son,  Stevens 
F  Se  s,  Evans,  Garfield  and  other  experts.  In  behalt  of  the 
herd^c  fishermen  of  ancient  and  modern  times,  we  have  rnainly 

Xl  on  Hons.  Henry  Wheaton  and  Lorenzo  Sabine.  We  arc 
mscio  s  (^  many  deilcts  which  we  hope  to  amend.  We  eaniestly 

,S  he  co-operation  of  intelligent  lishermen  to  the  end  tha 
ir-s  work  ma/ contribute   to  the  proper  f  velopjnent^of^on, 

fisheries.  .,1,3-, 

Gloucesxlk,  Ma.33.,  Nov.  o,  18a. 


\ 


and  chail.s 
il  infunna- 
loil  in  an- 
it  organic 
niovo  «'!ii- 
ur  funntry 


Ii'd  (Ml  oil- 
past  loi'ty 
)1"  llunkin<i' 
ailopU'd  in 
ng  in  gon- 

y, 


of  Siberia, 
f  shore  line 
g  with  visi- 
be  ilenion- 
;  onr  voyag- 
>s  and  wit- 
onflnnation 
[inthoritics : 
\st  Survey, 
army,  ha^•c 

seen  or}'  and 
n,  Stevens, 
.>half  of  the 
lavc  mainly 
c.  We  are 
Ve  earnestly 
,he  end,  that 
ment  of  onr 
lONALD. 


INDEX. 


Aciiulsllion  of  CaUforniii  Coast  Islands, 

North  I'acKlc  Ocoim— Tcniperature,  Winds,  IJulnfall,  Foijs,  Fisli, 

Fishing  (i rounds,  Ilccta,  Cape  Flattery  Hanks, 

Oregon,  Washington  Territory,  British  Columbia,  waters  and  llsh, 

Acciuisliioii  of  Alaska — Topography,  Islands  and  Climate, 

Japaucsc  Stream,  Kanisehatka  Current, 

Winds,  Timber,  Minerals, 

Fishing  Banks— Cod,  Halibut  and  Salmon, 

Fur-bearing  Animals,  Gray  and  Fur  Seal, 

An  Act  to  I'revent  the  Extermination  of  Fur-bearing  Animals, 

Proclamation  of  tlio  Collector  of  San  Francisco, 
Walrus,  Whales,  Population, 
Siberia— Climate,  Kesources,  Population, 
Bherlng  Sea  Currents, 
Salt,  Turk's  Island,  Sail  Lake, 
Curing  Fish,  Cooperage,  Outllts,  Markets, 
A  Plea  for  Puget  Sound, 
Topography,  Climate,  Productions, 
Rivers,  Farming  Lands,  Soil, 
Minerals— -Iron,  Coal,  Silver  and  Gold, 
Timber,  Water  Power, 
Indians,  Traders,  Pioneers, 
Towns— Port  Townsend,  Seattle, 
Steilacoom,  Olympla  and  Turowater, 
Milling  and  Mining  Towns, 
Commercial  Statistics,  Lumbering,  Shipbuilding, 
Report  of  San  Francisco  Board  of  Underwriters, 
Ship  "  Wildwood"  at  San  Francisco, 
Northwest  Coast,  Harbors,  Montery  and  San  F'rancisco, 
Columbia  River — Entrance  and  Ice, 
Puget  Sound  Scenery,  Wilkes, 
Jefferson.  Ledyard,  Astor,  Fur  Trade, 
Railroad  Explorations,  Distances,  N.  P.  R.  R., 
Transcontinental  and  Asiatic  Commerce, 
I'opulatlon  of  Washington  Territory,  Schools,  Churches,  Press, 

Hotels, 
Industries,  Foundries,  Tanneries,  Bootmaking,  Health, 
United  States  Census  for  1870, 
Recapitulation,  Westward,  Ho !  Conclusion, 
Triumphs  of  the  Fishermen, 
Legislation  Requisite  for  the  Fisheries, 
Postscript, 


I'tlHi', 


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ADVEUTISING  DEPARTMENT. 


S.  N.  COOPER, 
LINCOLISr   MILLS, 

TUMWATER,  W.   T., 


DEM.KK  IN 


Flour,  Feed,  Corn  Meal,  and  Gr^in  oJ[^alM<inds. 


t;.  A.  ISAltSKS. 


E.  1-.  SMITH. 


W.  H.  AVERY. 


G.  A.  BARNES  A  GO.^ 

BANKERS,  BROKERS, 


AM> 


Oeneral    I-antl    Agents, 
OLYMPIA,  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 

TAXES  TAin  FOR  NON-RESIDKNTS,  ETC. 


MAPS. 
WASHINGTON  TERRITORY 

>Vest  of  tl^e  Cascades. 

SCALE -4  MILES  TO  1  INCH.    MAP -4  1-2  BY  5  FEET  IN  SIZE. 
Lai.a  Survoys.  Iiuliau  ami  llovoniuici.t  Reserves,  SoinuliiiKs,  I'niivic.  aii.l  Tide 

^''"Knam^oa'l.y  tl.o  oflirors  of  tho  rnito.l  Staton  Lan-l  Ollious  an.l  Coa.t  Survey  a^ 
tlip  best  Map  (-'xtaut.  ,.,  ,  .,_, 

Evoiv  quarter  of  RUivoyc.l  laiul  can  1»'  locato.l  on  this  Map  as  ica.lily  "-^ '"'  •"" 
T,an(\  onlce  plati<. 

Pocket  Edition,  Book  Form, ;'"  ■^'tnn 

Mounted  on  Rollers,  Colored  and  VarnUIied,  complete,   8  00 

For  sale  hy  "  ^  Z  A  T!P  STEVENS.  _ 

sent  by  iBiiil  on  rei'cipt  of  money.  Olynipin,  W.I. 


■-_ 


^NT. 


S, 


.11  kinds. 

-.  11.  AVEKV. 

ERS, 

ORY. 


rORY 


:et  in  size. 

ruivic^  ami  Tiile 
Conn  Siirvoy  :i> 
[•eniUly  hh  mi  tin' 

sarFO 

plete,   8  00 

5VENS, 

l>lymi)in,  W.  T. 


A I )  V  Kini  SI  N(  i  1  )KrA  HTM  KNT. 


Tacoma  Hotel, 

Silas  Oalliher,  Proprietor. 

No  pains  will  be  spared  to  make  this  the  best. 
Hotel  in  the  Territory. 

4^ The  Tiilile  will  nlwayx  contain  the  very  Itenl  the  iimiktt  Hllords.-** 
MAIN  STUEKT,  OLYMPIA,  W.  T. 


THE    OX.^S'IMI^PI-A. 

The  Oldest  Newspaper  In  the  Teppitory. 

The  only  Democratic  Journal  west  of  the  Cas 

cade  Mountains. 


.Mi 


KKRIAH  HKOWN,  E<Utor. 


JOHN  M.  Mt'lU'IIV,  rublJHlim 


Terms  of  8ubs<;rl|)tlon i-Per  annum,  invarliOily  in  iiclviuve,  ♦3,00.    Kor  .hi" 
inontliH.  $2,00. 

«5r  Advoillhlng  at  the  lowoKt  living  rate.'^.      ^^^ 

PUBLISHED  EVERY  EVENING, 

A-t  Olympia,  ^Washington  Territory. 

TERMS  OF  SUBSCRIPTION: 

rev  year.  »s,0<i.  Six  months,  |i4,00.  One  numth,  tUX). 

Advertising  on  Roat<onable  Tt'vnif*. 

WEEKLY  PACIFIC  TRIBUNE, 

rUBLISIIED  EVERY  SATl'RDAY, 

At«3pcr  annum,  in  advance;  six  months,  S2.    Advertising  on  moderate  tcii.rf 

CHABIiES  FROSCH  &   SOX, 

Publishers  and  Proprle«.oi  .-•.. 


TliE  FEOI'LE'S  I>-A.FEIl. 


PUBLISHED  WEEKLY  AT 

Olympia,  -VTashingrton  Tei-i-itor^/.^ 

E.  T.  GUNN,  Editor  and  Proprietor. 


»._ 


Al)\  i;KTlSlN(i    DKl'AUr.MKM'- 

A  JouvMal  lor  the   b^resicU'. 
TcniporaiKO,  Edncatioii  and  Moral  Kefonn. 

JTBLISIIKI)  KVi:UY  TlUHsnAV,  AP  OlAMlMA.   W.  T. 

Tcnll^  (.lSiil)Si'iii>li(>n-r.  T  iiiimiiii.  in  iii\v:iui'f,  *  l.iKL 
,.l..VKNKN.Emtor.  J.  II.  MIN.ON.  ITo.Mle 


HANSON,  ACKERSON  k  CO., 


Cacoma    Mills,    .    .    .    I-*u<?et   Sound. 


rn 


IfS-  I v  cllt'iil  I'iirililk'ti  for  biiililiiiK  Vc.-'^t'l-. 

Office,  Pier  9,  Stewart  St.,  San^  Francisco . 

Universityof  Wa^ington  Territory. 

■n,i„l..-tlliiliouw«soponeilf.Mthover.<i.ti..n  of  Students  on  Monday,  tlio  .Mil 
:ay  of  So,.t.ml>cr,  1870,  under  the  .•luuKO  of  I'llOK.  .1.  H.  HALL,  «s  ITcldcnt. 
COLLEOIATB  DEPAHTMENT.-Tt.n.iH.  pfr  session  of  14  w.-.-ks.  $i:..t«). 
I'KJEPAKATOKY  DBPAHTMENT.-ToiiiiH,  per  ses:<ion  of  1 1  week-,  j-l  I 
iVCAUEMIC  DEPAKTMENT.-Tennv,  per  ,<e^.<i..n  of  II  weeks,  #K  to  »1J. 
COMMEKOIAI.  DEPAKTBIENT.-Ternir.  for  full  .nui-e.  ioiki. 
%IiiMi',  Modern  I,angnngef>,  Piiintlnc  eto..  extni. 
Hou..:  ror  Young  Men  In  fniverKity  Hoarding  llou-e.  or  for  Youoi:  L.Mie.  ;,t 

,,»,.  ie^iil«'i:oe  of  the  Prt'Bident,  per  week,  ».I,'>ii. 
ISoani.ind  Tuition  payable  always  in  advnnee. 

Kor  fn-  tlier  information  artdretB  the  I'reiiidont. 

•^^  Hv  order  of  ihe  Hoard  of  llegenl-. 


>;catiie.  W.  T.,  Ift71. 


18  PUBLISHED  ON  THE  MOKNINGS  OF 


TUESDAY,   THURSDAY  and  SATURDAY. 

B.  L.  MiS.XWELL,    l>roprietor. 
SEATTLE,  Washington  Territopy. 


ftl>» 


Kefonii. 

.   W.    1. 
')N,  I'loinlcli'i- 

coT 

Soi  ind. 

SCO. 

irritory. 

Moiiiliiy,  IhoMli 
iM  Prceldt'iit. 

14  WtH'k:^.    *l."l.t«). 

of  II  Ht'ckJ,  j"!  t- 
wooks,  »Kloi|ilJ. 

Yiniiiir  I..i(lii'.''  :il 
)illil  (iI'llOK't'llI-*. 

RDAY. 

Drietor. 


,\|)\  i:iMIMN(i    DKl'AKi'MKN'l'. 

IIENllY  L.  YESLEU, 

Seattle  Lumber  and  Flour  Mills. 

lUMBER,  FLOUR,  COUNTRY  PRODUCE,  DRY  GOODS,  CROCKERY, 

(JrocoiioH,  llnnlwni*',  FJirininjf  Tools,  cV«'. 


Jolm  Collins  &  Co.,  Propriolors. 


Slil  A-TTI^l^O,  WasliiiiLrton  Territory. 

G.  A.  MEiasV  W.  H.  OAULEY. 

IvTElO-S    Sc    a- -A^  XJ  Ij  E  "ST  , 

I'KOl'lillCTOHS  OF 

Port  Madison  Mills  &  Foundry. 

Dsalors  in  SFAHS,  FILES  AND  LUMBSE. 

<;in-:.'<>r- liiini-lK'il  111  uiilir  111  sliDil  iiolire  unci  on  liberal   terms.    (jooU   luiililkM 

li«i-  !<lii|)hiiililiiiu;. 


A.    1.  I'lil'K, 


0/Jh;e  I'ier  I,  Stewnrl  St.,  San  Pratuiuro, 


W.  C.  TALBOT. 


Agents  for  Puget  Mill  Gom'y^ 

TEEKALET,  W.  T., 
And  Dealers  in  Lumber  of  all  kinds. 

Ol'lICi;  PIEIJ  1-^  STEWAUT  STUKKT,  .     .     .     SAN    l'l!AN(  IS<  < ». 
CABOOKS  PUBNieHED  TO  OBDSR. 


A l)\  KK riM N( ;   1  )KrA HTM KNT 


TEKKALET   HOTEL, 

COLLINS  k  JAMZSON,  Froprietori, 
TEEKALKT,   WAHHINGTON  TERRITORY. 

Port  Townaend,  Waehington  Territory, 

IMMt'KI)  KVKKV  TUKSDAY  BY 

niiyiiV  L.  SVTTON,    .     .     Publiither  and  rt-otnletor, 

TERMS  OK  8UB8CKIPTION— Per  Annum,  In  ailT^nre,  IS;  ill  monthf,  fi. 
4VA(lverlUlng  on  moilerKte  tcrm*,.CV 


COSMOPOLITAN  HOTi:i«^ 

(KOKMEHLY  81UES'  HOTEI-,) 

I'OUT  TOWNSENl),  WASHINGTON   TERIJITORY, 

«-Ne(»re«tnolel  to  the  Nionnilioat  Landing.... Travelrri  will  flnO  llie  liett 
n.Toimnodatlon  to  be  had  on  I'ligel  8ouDd....8iilt»  of  Ho(tin»  lor  tamllU'i"... . 
lermi  moderate.  J.  J.  HUNT,  Proprietor. 

o7i\GERmSH~&  CO., 

PORT  TOWNSEND,  WASHINGTON  TEBRITOBY. 

Bellingham  Bay  Goal  Mine, 

WHATCOM,  WASHINOTOIT  TBEEITORY. 

K.  E.  MTEKS,  Local  Manasbk. 
K2*  Cargoes  delivered  at  short  notice,  on  liberal  terms. 

BELLINOHAM  BAT  OOAIi  CO..  Agent*,  B>n  FfMioUoo. 

PROCTER  BROTHERS, 
rriiiters,  Publishers,  and  dealers  in  Station- 
ery, Room  Paper,  Fancy  Goods,  &c., 
123  FRONT  STREET,    :j_:    GLOUCESTER,  MASS. 

»f  EditorB  and  Proprietors  of  the  CAPE  ANN  ADVEUTISEK,  puLIished  ev- 
tvv  Kriday  nioniiuB,— an  excellent  medium  for  advovtiBcrH. 

«-8oie  1  >o,.rieu.rB  of  NATURE'S  HAIR  RESTORATIVE,  ti.o  Wob.Ui 
of  iliu  Aye! 


ITORY, 

Y, 
"roprtetor, 

.  montlit,  |i. 

PErnT 

;)RY, 

1  And  III))  lieot 
lor  KBniilU'B... . 
Proprietor. 

RITOBY. 

Aine, 

lY. 

era!  eerm«- 
,n  Fruioiaoo. 


I  Station- 
ER,  MASS. 

;K,  pul)Iir<lie<l  e»- 
\^E,  the  WoDcU'i 


t^- 


,;S3BiV'.i!«*!*ai!i?;'*'-»«'»^'-''^>*^°'"^  ' 


■    ii.i^^ii^ii^t  .^^.j  ..amyuj 


